الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Endotracheal intubation is one of most common procedure occurring every day in operating room. One of major concern is the stress response that occur during endotracheal intubation. Stress response appears in form of hypertension and tachycardia. Many trials had been established to control that stress response. Pharmacological additives to anesthetic drugs had been used like lidocaine, magnesium, calcium channel blockers and others.
In our study, we compared the effect of lidocaine, magnesium sulphate and verapamil to control the stress response. Patients were randomly allocated in three equal groups (25 each). group I received 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine. group II received 30mg/kg magnesium sulphate. group III received 0.1mg/kg verapamil. All groups received medication 3 minutes before intubation. Blood pressure and heart rate has been recorded in pre-induction, pre-intubation, immediate post intubation and 5 minute post intubation.
Our results showed that the three drugs could be used as stress inhibitors as the change in blood pressure and heart rate between the basal reading and other readings is less that 20%. There is no significance difference between the groups regarding blood pressure. Magnesium sulphate couldn’t control heart rate like other groups significally.
We conclude that any of three drugs could be used to control the stress response of intubation. Adding small dose of opioids to magnesium will help to abolish the reflex tachycardia that occur during intubation.