الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
White mold disease of pepper that cause about Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is considered one of the most important disease which infected pepper (Pons et al., 1979; Cuadrado et al., 2000; Melvin et al., 2006 and Duran and Ozkayo, 2016). The disease symptoms were beginning with dark-green, water-soaked lesions on stems and fruits. Lesions expand rapidly under most conditions, and the affected parts become a watery rotten mass covered by white fungal growth. After several days, the fungal growth on external plant surfaces plant forms a white. Which develops a black exterior and white to beige interior several days later moldy growth and black sclerotia are characteristic of this disease, that cause also to a very loose in the crop. Thus, this investigation was conducted to study the causal organisms of this disease in the different localities in relation to the prevailing environmental conditions, the reaction of different pepper varieties, protein analysis, cultural control, evaluation of some different plant water extracts, powder plant and evaluation of some different chemical control (bazamyte, fungicides, calcium salts and antioxidants), biological control and integrated control.
The obtained results will be summarized as follows:
1. Field survey revealed that white mold disease was existed in all the inspected governorates (Menoufia, Behaira, Giza and Qalyoubia). The disease incidence and disease severity were
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different from governorate to another. Menoufia governorate recorded highly percentage of disease incidence followed by Behaira governorate, meanwhile, Giza governorate recorded the lowest percentage of disease incidence.
2. Isolation from naturally infected pepper plants showing typical symptoms of white mold yielded one fungus that was Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and renamed as:
El-Sadat City isolate was number (1)
El-Khatatba isolate was number (2)
Ashmoon isolate was number (3)
Nubaria isolate was number (4)
Markaz Badr isolate was number (5)
El-Mansouria isolate was number (6)
Qalyoub isolate was number (7)
El-Drissa isolate was number (8)
3. Pathogenicity test showed that all isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were pathogenic to pepper, however, isolate No. (7) from Qalyoub district was more aggressive than the other isolates.
4. Evaluation of the susceptibility of different pepper varieties indicated that all the inoculated varieties exhibited the symptoms of white mold disease but varied in their susceptibility where Orangary RZ was more susceptible.
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5. Studying reaction of different pepper varieties of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under greenhouse conditions clear susceptible to white mold disease.
6. An analysis was done to determine the concentration of protein in different isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results showed that there are three forms of protein, one isolate contains one, two or three forms together.
Comparing the disease capacity of the eight isolates of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the basis of the quantity and shape of the protein in each isolate shows that there is a corrosive of the intestine and the ability of the disease as well as the form of protein. In Case of containment of the isolation on the three forms of protein as in isolation No. 7 be very fierce.
7. By doing agricultural practices control to the white mold disease by applying some agricultural operations i.e.,
a) Breeding of plants and plant density: after following two methods inbreeding and planting peppers seedlings at different planting distances, the results were explained below: in case of cultivation of seedlings at a distance of planting 30 cm and breeding seedling by Dutch methods, the results showed that the percentage of the disease without breeding was 38.89%, but after breeding it was 5.0%. And in case of plantation of seedlings at 45 cm between seedlings and breeding seedlings
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by Spanish method, the results showed that the percentage of the disease without breeding was 38.89%, but after breeding it was 4.33%.
b) Effect of irrigation: by using different levels from irrigation, the results showed that incase of sandy soil the best treatment and the more effect on decrease the infection by the white mold disease, it was (0.5 + 1.5 + 2.0 + 3.0 L/m2) comparing with control, but in case of clay soil the best treatment and more effect on decrease the infection, it was (0.5 + 0.7 + 1.0 + 1.5 L/m2) comparing with control.
c) Effect of mineral fertilization: by using different dos from (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) the results showed that the best treatment and the more effect on decrease the infection by the white mold disease it was (220 + 60 + 220 + 110 + 70 + 60 unit/F, respectively) comparing with control.
d) Effect of different transplanting date: by using different transplanting dates (10th March + 20th July + 20th November) the results showed that the best transplanting date and more effect on decrease the infection by the white mold disease, it was (10th March) comparing with other transplanting dates.
e) Effect of soil solarization: by using different cover polyethylene sheet, the results showed that the best cover sheet it was (black sheet) and more effect on decrease the infection by the white mold disease comparing control.
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8. By applying different plant extracts to made control to white mold disease of pepper, the best one was tannins water extract by using concentration 12.5 cm/L spraying for controlling white mold and increased yield production, but in case of using powder plants, tannins powder was the best plant powder and more effective on white mold at 12.5 g/m2.
9. By applying different salts methods to made chemical control to white mold disease of pepper, the best one was calcium phosphate at concentration 400 ppm. On the other hand, in case of using different antioxidants to control the white mold disease, the best one was ascorbic acid at concentration 200 ppm/L.
10. All tested fungicides reduced the disease severity and increased yield production significantly, in comparison with control treatments of Orangary RZ.
11. Leachate Trichoderma viride F1 followed by Trichoderma viride resulted the best action against the pathogen when applied the spray.
12. Integrated control of white mold disease of pepper by using the successfully individual control treatment in the above trials of controls. The results showed that the disease severity of the white mold disease was zero.