الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusion
The prostate gland is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system. It depends on different hormones such as androgens, estrogens and prolactin. The testosterone is the main hormone that is very important for the development of prostate and maintenance of its structural and functional integrity. The subtle change in the testosterone level is usually accompanied by alteration in the growth and weight of the prostate.
The reproductive dysfunction is one of the common secondary effects of diabetes. It may affect male reproductive functions at multiple levels including variation in sperm quality, altered spermatogenesis, changes in testes, accessory sex glands, reduced testosterone, ejaculatory dysfunction and reduced libido.
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the blood. Without insulin, cells cannot use the energy from glucose to carry out functions within the body.
This study was performed to demonstrate the histological changes induced in the prostate by induction of diabetes using STZ and also to examine to what extent insulin could reverse such changes.
Forty four male albino rats were divided into 3 groups. The first group consisted of 4 rats (control group).The second group was 20 rats subdivided into subgroup IIa (10 rats) and subgroup IIb (10 rats). In the animals of this group, the prostate was exposed to induction of diabetes by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ). Rats of subgroup IIa were sacrificed after one week of confirmed diabetes and those of subgroup IIb were sacrificed after four weeks of confirmed diabetes. The third group included 20 rats subdivided into subgroup IIIa (10 rats) and subgroup IIIb (10 rats) after that rats were given insulin immediately after diabetes confirmation. Rats of subgroup IIIa were sacrificed after one week of confirmed diabetes, and those of subgroup IIIb were sacrificed after four weeks of confirmed diabetes. Prostates were dissected, processed into paraffin blocks and sectioned.
The plan of the present study included the following items:
Studying the morphological changes using:
1-Hx &E to demonstrate the histological changes.
2- Masson’s trichrome stain to demonstrate stromal changes.
3- Immunohistochemical staining for vimentin for fibroblasts, α-smooth muscle actin for smooth muscle cells and Caspase 3 to demonstrate apoptotic changes and PCNA for detection of nuclear DNA.
4- Electron microscopy to demonstrate ultrastructural changes.
5- Quantitive morphometric measurement using image analyzer computer system, including:
a) Measurement of the epithelial height in Hx &E stained sections for all animals of all groups.
b) Mean area % of Masson’s trichrome stained sections.
c) Mean area % of α-SMA immune-stained sections.
d) Mean area % of Vimentin immune-stained sections.
e) Mean area % of Caspase 3 immune-stained sections.
f) Mean area % of PCNA immune-stained sections.
6- Stastical analysis using ANOVA test.
The data of the present work could be summarized as follows:
Light microscopic examination:
Histological findings of the prostate:
In H&E sections :
Examination of the prostatic sections in subgroup IIa revealed that the acini were separated by widely spaced connective tissue. This was associated with dilated congested blood vessels together with inflammatory cellular infiltration that were observed in the stroma and most of the acini showed loss of their mucosal folds with thinning of their lining epithelium.
Histological examination of prostatic sections in subgroup IIb stained with H&E revealed widened stroma between the acini with dilated congested blood vessels and loss of infolded glandular mucosa of the acini with thinning of the lining epithelium. In addition to some prostatic acini that showed cell proliferation. While other revealed pyknotic nuclei in some epithelial cells.
Histological examination of rat prostatic sections in subgroup IIIa &IIIb revealed that the structure of the prostate was similar to that of control animals. While in subgroup IIIb some prostatic acini still showed thinning of their lining epithelium.
Masson’s trichrome stain:
Collagen fibers in the glandular stroma appeared increase in subgroups IIa&IIb. While subgroups IIIa &IIIb showed significant decrease compared to subgroups IIa &IIb.
Immnohistochemical stain :
As regard α smooth muscle actin and Vimentin immunostaining their expression was markedly increased within the cytoplasm of the prostatic acini in subgroups IIa &IIb.
Both caspase 3 and PCNA immunostaining expression was markedly increased within the cytoplasm of the prostatic acini and the nuclear epithelial cells respectively in subgroup IIb. This positive reactivity was decreased in subgroups IIIa &IIIb and became with values close to those of the control group.
Electron microscopic examination:
Electron microscopic examination of rat prostatic sections in subgroup IIa reavealed that the epithelium of the prostatic acini was characterized by low cuboidal cells with rounded and oval nuclei and the prostatic stroma indicated that thick appearance in which, the smooth muscle cells showed a pleated cell surface and apparent increase in caveolae. Fibroblast extensions were apparently more slender in comparison with other groups, in addition to increase of collagen fibers could be seen. In subgroup IIb, the cisternae of the Golgi complex were dilated and those of the granular endoplasmic reticulum were distributed in a concentric manner throughout the cytoplasm and some epithelial cells showed proliferation and irregular contour of their nuclei. The microvilli on the cell surface were discontinuous and the apical region of the cytoplasm was vacuolated.
Examination of prostatic sections in subgroups IIIa &IIIb revealed normal appearance of the epithelial lining of the acini tall columnar cells with basal and oval nuclei and the prostatic stroma with collagen, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells were similar to that of the control group.
Conclusion
According to the results obtained in the present study, it could be concluded that:
- Insulin replacement therapy in diabetes has been reported to restore the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis and thus, normalizes hormone levels of LH and testosterone.
- Insulin replacement greatly improves the histological architecture of the prostate gland in diabetic rats.