الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the current study, a total of 190 rectal swabs from cattle (n=85) and sheep (n=105) and 200 samples from chickens (including 70 intestinal content and 130 cloacal swabs) were bacteriologically examined in order to detect prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of identified Campylobacter spp. recovered from different localities in Beni- suief Governorate , Egypt .The bacteriological examination of the tested samples revealed that out of 85 rectal samples from cattle, there were 37 (43.52%) bacteriologically positive and 48(56.48) negative. Out of 105 samples from sheep 37 (35.24%) were positive and 68(64.76%) samples were negative. Regarding chickens out of 200 examined samples 146 (73%) were bacteriologically positive and 54(23%) were negative. Out of 70 intestinal samples, 40(20%) were positive and 30(15%) were negative, while out of 130 cloacal swab 106(53%) were positive and 24(12%) were negative. Molocular analysis of Campylobacter species identified in the present study revealed that incase of cattle the prevalence of C.lari, C. coli and C. jejuni were 34.12, 5.88 and 3.52% respectively, while in sheep the prevalence was 23.81, 7.62 and 3.82%, respectively. The same Campylobacter spp.in chickens accounted for were 60.5 and 11% and 0%, respectively. C.upsaliensis was detected only among chicken isolates with a rate of 1.5%.
Antibiogram revealed that Campylobacter spp. obtained from cattle and sheep showed 100% resistance to tetracycline,doxycycline,streptomycin, ampicillin, cefotaxime ,trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole and cephalothin followed by ciprofloxacin (80%),erytheromyin (60%) and gentamicin (55%).On the other hand isolates showed 100% sensitivity to floraphenicol and naldixic acid followed by nitrofurantion (75%) and ciprofloxacin (40%) .All isolates showed multidrug resistance towards the tested antibiotics used.
As regards to antibiogram in chickens, all Campylobacter spp. showed resistance 100% to erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, cefotaxime; trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole and cephalothin followed by gentamicin 63.64%, and nitrofurantion (54.54%). On the other hand the tested isolates showed100% sensitivity to naldixic acid followed by ciprofloxacin (80 %) and floraphenicol (4.5%).
A total of 22 isolates from chickens and 10 isolates from cattle and sheep were then reconfirmed as Campylobacter spp. by 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and the results revealed that 10 out of 19 isolates (52.63%) from chickens were positive and 11(47.37%) were negative and that 10 out of 11 (90.90%) from sheep and cattle were positive and only one isolate (0.10%) was negative, All positive isolates (n=20) were identified on the basis of multiplex PCR to determine Campylobacter spp. and the results revealed that all isolates of chickens (no=11) were identified as C.coli (100%) while those from cattle and sheep (no=9) were identified as 4 C. coli (44.44%) and 6 C.jejuni (66.66%) . Furthermore five strains of Campylobacter spp. were randomly chosen to detect virulence of Campylobacter and the results showed that cdtA, cdtB, ctdC and flaA were detected in all isolates (100%). On the other hand, virB11 and wlaN were not detected in any one of the tested strains.
Also atotal of 20 confirmed Campylobacter spp. strains (14 C.coli and 6 C.jejuni) were exposed to herbal oils in order to determine the (MIC) and the results showed that MIC values were (500,1000 ,1500 and 2000 ppm) for eugenol, cinnamon ,allicin and thyme respectively. Thyme at 1500% killed 70% of the tested isolates.