الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out in the Nursery and Laboratory of Ornamental plants, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University during two successive seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 in order to explore the response of Gladiolus grandiflorus var. Gold Field in terms of vegetative growth, flowering aspects, corms and cormels production and some chemical constituents to four levels of farmyard manure (0, 10, 15 and 20 m3/fed) in the main plots. While, seven treatments of Minia Azotein (M.A.) biofertilizer and/or some vitamins {alpha tocopherols (vit. E), ascorbic acid (vit. C), Minia Azotein (M.A.), M.A. + vit. E, M.A. + vit. C, M.A. + vit. E + vit. C and the control} occupied the sub-plots, in addition to the interaction between the two factors.
Obtained results could be summarized as follows:
I- Effect of farmyard manure (FYM) treatments on:
I-A- Vegetative growth parameters:
Vegetative growth characters (leaf length, number of leaves/plant, leaf area and fresh and dry weights of leaves/plant) were considerably increased as a result of fertilizing gladiolus with the three levels of FYM (10, 15 and 20 m3/fed) in comparison with control treatment. The high level of FYM (20 m3/fed) gave the highest values in both seasons.
I-B- Flowering aspect parameters:
Flowering parameters including spike length, spike diameter, spike fresh and dry weights, length of flowering part of spike, number of florets/spike, lower floret diameter and fresh and dry weights of single floret except, flowering date (days), were remarkably increased due to different FYM fertilization treatments comparing with control treatment. The highest values for all flower parameters were resulted from FYM at high level (20 m3/fed).
I-C- Corms and cormels production:
All parameters of corm and cormels (corm diameter, fresh and dry weights of corm, cormels number and fresh and dry weights of cormels) were significantly increased due to fertilizing gladiolus with all used levels of FYM comparing with control treatment. The increase in these characters was gradual a parallel to the gradual rise in FYM level from zero to 20 m3/fed.
I-D- Chemical composition:
Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids contents), leaves nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percent were greatly promoted due to the three levels of FYM. The maximum values were recorded at the highest level of FYM (20 m3/fed.).
II- Effect of Minia Azotein (M.A.) biofertilizer and/or some vitamins (vit.E and vit. C) treatments on:
II-A- Vegetative growth parameters:
All vegetative growth parameters (leaf length, number of leaves/plant, leaf area and fresh and dry weights of leaves/plant) were significantly increased due to use all Minia Azotein (M.A.) biofertilizer and/or some vitamin treatments comparing with control treatment. Among the six tested treatments, the mixed treatment of Minia Azotein (M.A.) as biofertilizer plus vitamin E and vitamin C, each at concentration (50 ppm) proved to be much more effective than other used treatment and resulted the highest values compared to control in both seasons.
II-B- Flowering aspect parameters:
Using any treatment of Minia Azotein and/or vitamin E and vitamin C alone or together led to significantly increased in the spike length, spike diameter, spike fresh and dry weights, length of flowering part of spike, number of florets/spike, lower floret diameter and fresh and dry weights of single floret except, flowering date (days) in comparison with control treatment. The treatment of Minia Azotein + vit. E + vit. C gave the highest values followed by Minia Azotein + vit. C during both seasons.
II-C-Corms and cormels production:
All corms and cormels parameters, namely corm diameter, fresh and dry weights of corm, cormels number and fresh and dry weights of cormels/plant were significantly increased by used all treatments of Minia Azotein and/or vitamin E and vitamin C and their combinations in comparison with control treatment. The highest values were obtained due to the treatments of Minia Azotein + vit. E + vit. C followed by Minia Azotein + vit. C then Minia Azotein + vit. E in both seasons.
II-D- Chemical composition:
Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids contents in the fresh leaves of gladiolus plants were significantly increased in comparison with control. The highest values were obtained with plants received Minia Azotein as biofertilizer, vitamin E and vitamin C together compared to control during both seasons.
All used six treatments significantly promoting the percentages of N, P and K in the dry leaves of plant in comparison of control.
The treatment of Minia Azotein + vit. E + vit. C followed by Minia Azotein + vit. C then Minia Azotein + vit. E resulted the highest percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with significant difference among superior three treatments comparing with other treatments in both seasons.
III- Effect of the interaction treatments on:
III-A- Vegetative growth parameters:
The interaction between FYM and Minia Azotein as biofertilizer and/or some vitamin (vit. E and vit. C) treatments was significant influence for all vegetative growth parameters. In most cases, the highest values were resulted from fertilization gladiolus with FYM at 20 m3/fed and adding M.A. as biofertilizer plus spraying plants with vitamin E and vitamin C together, each at 50 ppm.
III-B- Flowering aspect parameters:
The interaction between FYM and Minia Azotein and/or some vitamin (vit. E and vit. C) treatments was significant effect for all studied flowering parameters, in both seasons. In some cases, the highest values were obtained with FYM at 20 m3/fed in combination with Minia Azotein (M.A.) at 50 ml/plant plus vit. E (50 ppm) plus vit. C (50 ppm) followed by 20 m3/fed with M.A. + vit. C then 15 m3/fed with M.A. + vit. E + vit. C.
III-C- Corms and cormels production:
The interaction between FYM and Minia Azotein and/or some vitamin (vit. E and vit. C) treatments was significant for all studied parameters of corm and cormels production in both seasons. The highest values were obtained with FYM at 20 m3/fed in combination with Minia Azotein (M.A.) plus vit. E plus vit. C followed by 20 m3/fed with M.A. + vit. C then 15 m3/fed with M.A. + vit. E + vit. C, in most cases.
III-D- Chemical composition:
The interaction treatments were significant effect for the three photosynthetic pigments contents (chl. a, b and carotenoids) and the percentages of nitrogen and phosphorus, while not significant for potassium percentage.
The highest contents of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were obtained with the interaction treatments of 20 m3/fed plus Minia Azotein + vit. E + vit. C followed by 20 m3/fed plus Minia Azotein + vit. C then 15 m3/fed plus Minia Azotein + vit. E in both seasons without significant differences between them.
The highest N % and P % was obtained by used FYM (20 m3/fed) × M.A. + vit. E + vit. C.