الفهرس 
Introduction &RationaleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition with a heterogeneous pathophysiology characterized by inadequate uteroplacental blood flow, which is under the control of several mediators Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined as birthweight below the 10th percentile for gestational age. The actual incidence of IUGR varies and is greatly dependant upon the definition applied.
Endothelins are 21-amino acid vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium having akey role in vascular hemostasis.
The physiological actions of Endothelin-1 in placental vessels are related to regulation of the blood flow. Normal placentation is dependent on early trophoblast proliferation and infiltration and because of their vasoactive and mitogenic actions .Endothelin-1 may be involved in placental growth and vascularisation.