الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Part 1: In vetro study:
The present work was carried out to determine the effect of irradiation process as a sterilization treatment of rosemary leaves and clove buds with different doses (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30kGy) on the chemical constituents of extracted essential oils of rosemary leaves and clove buds. The study was also extended to determine the effect of irradiation on the antioxidant activities of extracted rosemary leaves and clove buds essential oils.
The obtained results are summarized as follows:
1- The essential oils content of non-irradiated rosemary leaves or clove buds was 1.41 and 16.33%, respectively. Meanwhile, irradiation up to 30kGy led to increase in the essential oil contents of rosemary and clove. Moreover, storage for the rosemary leaves or clove buds led to decrease in the essential oil contents for both spices.
2- The extracted essential oils of non-irradiated rosemary or clove were identified by GC/MS. Thirty one compounds were identified representing 96.23% of the rosemary essential oil. Meanwhile, 14 compounds of essential oils were identified from clove buds. Those representing 99.97%. The main components of rosemary essential oils were 1,8cineole (26.36%), followed by α-pinene (16.98%) and camphore (12.63%). On the other hand, the main components in clove essential oils were eugenol (81.69%), followed by eugenol acetate which represented (8.31%).
3- Gamma irradiation affected the extracted components of rosemary essential oil such as α-pinene, α-thujene and β-pinene, where they were decreased from 16.97 to 16.88%; 0.32 to 0.24% and 3.81 to 3.61%, successively, at doses 5 to 30kGy. Also, γ-irradiation at different doses also affected the main component of clove buds essential oil. Some reduction was noticed for the components, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophellen, α-Humulene and eugenol acetate.
4- Physico-chemical properties of the extracted essential oils were determined. The specific gravity of both essential oils increased as the γ-irradiation doses increased. Slight increment in the refractive index was observed for the irradiated rosemary leaves or clove buds essential oils. Solubility of both essential oils slightly changed as a result of γ- irradiation. Beside that, the acid values of essential oils of the non-irradiated rosemary leaves or clove buds were 0.41 and 3.68mg KOH/ g oil, respectively. Irradiation up to 30kGy did not affect greatly their acid value. While, the ester values of essential oils of non- irradiated and irradiated rosemary leaves as well as clove buds were 2.91, 2.37 and 1.84, 1.29mg KOH/ g oil, respectively.
5- The antioxidant activities of extracted rosemary leaves essential oils are mainly attributed to the presence of some active compounds. The effect of γ-irradiation (5 to 30kGy) at different concentration of rosemary leaves essential oils (250 to 2500ppm) on the antioxidant activity was determined as radical scavenging activity by using DPPH. Slight significant difference could be noticed for each concentration at different γ irradiation doses (up to 15kGy). However, starting from 20kGy up to 30kGy γ irradiation significant differences were there, that indicate as the dose of γ-irradiation increased, the DPPH scavenging percent not increased.
6- The antioxidant activities of extracted clove buds essential oils are mainly attributed to the active present compounds. The effect of γ-irradiation (5 to 30kGy) at different concentrations of clove buds essential oils (250 to 2500ppm) on the antioxidant activity was determined. Results ascertained that, as the concentration of clove buds essential oil increased, the % of DPPH scavenging activity increased, and they were in significant difference either non-irradiated or irradiated treatment. Significant difference could be seen for the γ-irradiated samples up to 15kGy. On the contrary, the antioxidant activity for the irradiated sample at the dose of 30kGy was in significant differences for each examined clove essential oil concentrations.
7- The preliminary experiments assess to determine the acceptability levels of sunflower oil odor supplemented with non-irradiated essential oil indicated that, the acceptability level of clove essential oil was significantly appeared in the concentration of 0.2% and the higher acceptable dose was 0.3%. On the contrary, the acceptability levels of both rosemary and mixture of essential oil were appeared after 0.1% but the doses of 0.5 in rosemary and 0.4 % in mixture were higher and acceptable.
Part 2: In Vivo study:
The ionization is occurring after radiation energy absorption in live bodies by the molecules of biological matter due to biochemical alterations, which damage the cellular elements. This damage is mediated through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) those causing proteins, lipids and nucleic-acids damage. They also can affect poly unsaturated fatty acids and initiate lipid peroxidation within the cell.
The study also targeted the impact of preventive role of extracted rosemary leaves and clove buds essential oils and their mixture (1:1) with a dose of 200mg/kg body weight as a radioprotector when rats exposed to 1 and 5Gy irradiation dose to protect them from ionizing radiation effects, by tracking some levels of biological indicators in blood plasma as well as estimate some natural antioxidants in blood, the microscopic examination of both liver and kidney cells of rats are tested.
The parameters studied in the present work were ALP, ALT and AST activities as well as levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, urea and creatinine. Albumin, glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (MDA) and catalase contents were also investigated.
Male Wistar albino rats (125) were used, weighing 100-120g, divided into 25 groups; each group consists of 5 rats. Rats was fed on balanced diet for one week as an adaptation period, then divided to control groups and experimental groups; one group is a reference group, the rats had taken a balanced diet only without exposing to ionizing radiation or treating with any essential oils, the positive control groups were divided into special groups to study the effect of radiation exposure (1 and 5Gy), groups to study the essential oils effect only and the experimental groups to study the effect of tested essential oils on radiation- induced biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers, these had divided into three timing of intake: 21days before exposing, after exposing for three weeks and treating before exposing for two weeks followed by one week after irradiation.
This study continued four weeks, at its end the blood samples were obtained from the retro-orbital plexus veins of rats, plasma was separated and evaluated the biochemical indicators, microscopic examination was tested for each of liver and kidney tissues of rats.
The results of the present study can be summarized as follows:
1- Rats exposed to gamma radiation exhibited a profound rising of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase activities, urea, creatinine and lipids levels (cholesterol, triglyceride) as well as an increase in lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, radiation exposing causes decrease in both of GSH and catalase contents as well as decrease in albumin level.
2- Normal rats that administered extract essential oils exhibited little decrease in cholesterol and triglycerides levels as well as lipid peroxidation. Some increase in GSH and catalase contents also was achieved.
3- Rats treated with extract essential oils before and after whole body gamma irradiation showed significant decrease in transaminases, alkaline phosphatase activities, urea, creatinine, , cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Concerning the level of antioxidants, extract essential oils was effective in minimizing the radiation-induced increase in lipid peroxidation while increasing the depleted glutathione contents and catalase.
4- Extracted rosemary, clove buds essential oils can exert beneficial protective potentials against many radiation-induced biochemical perturbations and disturbed oxidative stress biomarkers. Then these extracted essential oils are recommended as a promising approach for radioprotection.
Through the microscopic study of liver and kidney tissue cells of rats showing that:
1- Hepatocytes was more affected when rats exposed to different radiation dose than kidney tissue cells.
2- 5Gy induced more damage on tested tissues.
3- Treatment before exposing for two weeks followed by one week after irradiation was the best effect on the healing of liver and kidney tissue cells especially when using clove oil for 1Gy rats exposing.
Conclusion:
1- Irradiation results in an improvement in the properties of essential oils, which leads to increase utilization so as to reflect on the efficiency of use in food.
2- Radiation treatment in doses up to 30kGy has no negative effect on both the percentage of extracted essential oil and the physico-chemical properties of the essential oil.
3- Increased radiation doses did not adversely affect the efficiency of essential oil as an antioxidant.
4- The use of essential oils did not cause any adverse effects on both hepatic and renal tissues, and has been instrumental in maintaining the levels of activity of antioxidant enzymes, and had a significant impact on the improvement of damage in the functions of both liver and kidney caused by irradiation in addition to improved damage incident in cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as albumin.
Recommendation:
Based on its findings, the present study recommends the following:
1- Further studies on the effect of irradiation on the properties and components of essential oils.
2- The importance of food education and awarenss-raising on the use of irradiation as a safe way to treat the food.
3- The importance of taking antioxidants, especially from medicinal and aromatic plants.