الفهرس 
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Abstract
The use of wireless telephones increased worldwide, with high prevalence between youth and children. This widespread exposure to radio-frequency (RF) fields has been accompanied by increasing concerns about potential adverse health effects. Recently there has been increasing concerns about other effects on the brain, particularly in children due to differences in their brain size, shape, water content and tissue distribution than adults.
In the current study we aimed to assess if there are negative effects of mobile phone radiofrequency on the children’s cognitive functions, and if there are effects in the concentrations of TTR serum levels that would reflect increased permeability on the blood brain barrier integrity.
The presented study (case-control study) was conducted on 180 children in the outpatient clinic in pediatrics department, Minia university hospital, from June 2016 to October 2017.
Ninety children (Cases) considered as a case if they own a mobile phone and use it regularly in the last month were enrolled in the study and had been classified into 3 groups according to the age; 30 children aged from 4–6 yrs, 30 children aged >6–12 yrs, 30 children aged >12 – 18 yrs. ninety children mobile phone nonusers (control) are subdivided in to 3 age and number case matched groups. We tested their cognitive functions by administering Stanford Binet intelligence scale fifth edition (SB 5) and the serum transthyretin levels were measured by blood sampling in all study groups.
The study found that the >12-18 age group users showed higher parameters of mobile phone use (duration of calls/minutes, number of calls/week and duration of mobile ownership and use) followed by the >6-12 age group and lastly the 4-6 age group.
There were significant negative effects of mobile phone radiofreguency (MPRF) on cognitive functions including; full scale IQ, nonverbal IQ, nonverbal knowledge, quantitative reasoning, with its verbal components, and lastly visual spatial with its nonverbal component in the 12-18 age group.
There was no significant effect observed on children in the middle age group (>6-12).
There was significant negative effect on the knowledge of the users of the youngest age group (4-6), despite lighter use than older age group (middle) which may denote higher absorption rate in this young age.
Regarding serum Tranthyretin (TTR) levels, it is affected by the MPRF only in the age group (>12-18), who are with highest usage rate of their phones and longest duration of owing and using mobile phones (years).
No such effects found in the middle or youngest age groups, may be due to shorter duration of use than the oldest age group.
Presence of cognitive function affection in the youngest age group with no rise of serum TTR (no blood brain barrier affection) may suppose that the effects on cognitive functions in this age group is observable but may be reversible as there is no microstructural disturbance (no BBB leak) due to shorter duration of use (months).
Our study found negative correlation between serum TTR levels and cognitive functions in the users only, where nonverbal knowledge, verbal quantitative reasoning and visual spatial with its nonverbal component affected in the total users collectively but not on stratification in to age groups.
There is no correlation between serum TTR and cognitive functions in the nonusers (controls) in the total or any age group.