الفهرس 
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Abstract
Response of sunflower to foliar spray by zinc oxide nanoparticles
A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Department Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University during 2017 and 2018 seasons to study the response of two sunflower cultivars to foliar spray by different zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations. In addition the nutritional part of this work was done in food science and Technology department laboratories. The field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using a strip plot arrangement with three replications. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) concentrations (0[control], 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm) were allotted horizontally, while two sunflower cultivars (Sakha-53 and Giza-102) were assigned vertically. Sunflower seeds were hand sown on rows 60 cm distance in hills 25cm apart on 25 May in the first and second seasons, respectively. Control plants were treated with water (without ZnO NPs) while the others were sprayed by the certain concentration of ZnO NPs. All sprayed treatments were done at 45 days after sowing. The preceding winter crop was wheat in both seasons. All other recommended cultural practices for sunflower crop were done in both seasons. The results obtained in this study could be summarized as follows:-
V.A-Yield attributes trait: 1- Plant height (cm)
The obtained data reveal that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a highly significant effect on plant height. The highest mean values of plant height (188.80 cm and 239.50 cm in the first and second seasons, respectively) were obtained from Giza 102 cultivar which was sprayed by ZnO NPs at 200 and 300 ppm.
2- Number ofleaves/plant
Data show that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a highly significant effect on number of leaves plant-1. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 100 and 400ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of number of leaves plant-1 (32.50and 35.80 in the first and second seasons,respectively).
3- Leaf area /plant(cm2)
The illustrated data reveal that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a highly significant effect on leaf area plant-1. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 400 and 300ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of leaf area plant-1 (5648.01and 4523.69 in the first and second seasons,respectively).
4- Leaf area index(LAI)
The exhibited data show that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a highly significant effect on number of leaf area index . Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 400 and 200 ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of leaf area index (3.76 and 3.12 in the first and second seasons,respectively).
5- Head diameter(cm)
It evident from the data that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a significant and highly significant effect on head diameter in the first and second seasons, respectively. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 500 and 200ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of head diameter (16.65and 21.81 cm in the first and second seasons,respectively).
6- Number ofseeds/head
The presented results reveal that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a significant and highly significant effect on number of seeds/ head. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 200 and 300 ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of number of seeds / head (1090.44and 1194.99 in the first and second seasons, respectively).
7- Seed index(g)
The obtained results reveal that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a highly significant effect on seed index. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 500 and 300 ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of seed index (6.56 and 7.38 in bothseasons).
8- weight of seeds/head(g)
Data show that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a significant effect on weight of seeds head -1 in both seasons. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 200 ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of weight of seeds head-1 (63.77 and 65.99 g in the first and second seasons, respectively).
9- Shelling percentage (%)
The presented results reveal that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a significant and highly significant effect on shelling percentage. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 100 and 300 ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of shelling percentage (63.03 and 69.01% in the first and second seasons, respectively).
10- Husking percentage (%)
The illustrated results reveal that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a highly significant effect husking percentage. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 500 and 200 ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of husking percentage (70.91 and 73.92% in the first and second seasons, respectively).
V. B- Seed and oil yield.
1- Seed yield (kg/fed.)
Data reveal that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a significant effect on weight of seeds yield in both seasons. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 200ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest means value of seed yield (1767.62 and 1665.04 kg/fed. in the first and second seasons, respectively).
V. B- 2- Seed oil percentage (%)
The obtained results show that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a highly significant effect on oil percentage in both seasons. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 100 and 300 ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of oil percentage (45.40 and 42.51% in the two respectiveseasons).
3- Oil yield (kg/ fed.)
The exhibited data show that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and sunflower cultivars had a highly significant effect on oil yield in both seasons. Giza 102 plants which were sprayed by 200 ppm ZnO NPs concentration gave the highest mean values of oil yield (723.61 and 701.37 kg/fed. in the two respective seasons).
V. C- The nutritionalproperties
1- Chemical composition of sunflower seedskernels
The chemical composition of sunflower seeds kernels as affected by zinc oxide nanoparticles was estimated. It was found that the oil content in samples G 400ppm and S 400ppm were 60.19 and 61.75, respectively, comparing with the other studied samples. The G 200ppm was higher in protein content with value 23.12%, crude fiber 12.19, 9 and 9.65 for maximum concentration G 500ppm, S 500ppm, respectively. On the other hand, The ash content was ranged from 3.63 to 4.11% for Giza 102 samples when compared with Sakha 53 samples which ranging from 3.73 to 4.22% and there were significant differences in the contents total carbohydrates (g/100g D.W), energy (kcal/100g D.W) with values ranging from 2.17 respectively.10.14 and 628.78 – 661.04.
2- Minerals composition of sunflowerkernels
Minerals composition (mg/100g D.W) of sunflower kernels as affected by foliar spray with zinc oxide nanoparticles was estimated. The results revealed that Zn content was ranging from 56.92 to 65.36 for G 102 treated samples comparing with 70.34 for G control and the same for Sakha 53 samples. So, Zn content was decreased significantly (P<0.05) as a result of foliar spray by ZnO in treated samples. The Mg amount was significantly decreased gradually in treated samples. On the other hand, there was increased and decreased in values for the other elements (P, Fe, Cu, Mn) as a result of foliar spray zinc oxide nanoparticles. we can concluded that the treated samples by ZnO had a reasonable amounts of minerals via increased or decreased comparing with untreated samples and this is good from the nutritional point of view, where these amounts was increased the health benefits of sunflower seeds and encouraged using thistreatment.
3- Fatty acid composition of sunflower kernel mealoil.
The fatty acids identification and estimation in sunflower kernel meal oil (g/100g oil) after treated by zinc oxide nanoparticles. It was found that the major fatty acids were oleic and linoleic make up more than 90 % of the total fatty acids in oil samples under study. The oleic acid content was ranging from 45.34 to 50.16 % for G 102 treated samples comparing with 45.22 for G control and the same trend for Sakha 53 samples. So, oleic content was increased as a result of foliar spray by ZnO in treated samples when compared with control one. The linoleic acid content was found in higher values ranging from 40.05 to 45.29%mg/100g.
4- Chemical composition and cake yield of defatted sunflower kernels (cake).
Chemical composition and cake yield of defatted sunflower kernels (cake) treated by foliar spray by zinc oxide nanoparticles. It was found that the ash and oil contents were ranging 7.10 – 8.59 and 2.68 – 3.91, respectively, for the studied samples. The protein and crude fiber contents were found in higher contents ranging 49.29 – 52.95, 7.11 – 15.22, respectively, for defatted samples. The G 200ppm recorded the highest value of protein (52.95%) among the other samples, while the G 500ppm was the highest in crude fiber content (15.22%). Total carbohydrates and caloric value were found in reasonable contents with ranging 22.22 – 29.74 g/100g DW and 329.84 – 355.34 kcal/100g DW, respectively, for studied samples.
We concluded that there was a highly significant difference (P<0.05) in the crude protein, crude lipid, caloric value contents of the undefattted and defatted sample of sunflower seed kernel via increase or decrease. Defatting the seed kernel increased the crude fiber, ash, carbohydrates with reasonable amounts when compared with undefatted samples.
5- Minerals composition of defatted sunflower kernels(cake).
The mineral composition of defatted control and treated samples with ZnO nanoparticles. The results revealed that there were significant differences in the miner- al composition between the treated samples and control. The magnesium and phospho- rus were the most abundant minerals in defatted sunflower kernels meal with the high- est concentration comparing with other studied minerals.