الفهرس 
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CASSIA GLAUCA LEAVESOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Family Leguminosae is one of the largest families of the flowering plants. It comprises about 650 genera and 18000 species. Family Leguminosae is divided into three sub-families: Papilionoideae, Caesalpinioideae and Mimosoideae. These sub-families are now treated as independent families due to their large size and named Papilionaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Mimosaceae. Cassia genus is a large tropical genus with about 600 species of herbs, shrubs and trees and belongs to Caesalpiniaceae.
The main objective of this study is the phytochemical study of the aqueous alcoholic extract of Cassia glauca leaves, fractionation and preparation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of different fractions then biological investigation of the total extract, silver nano particles fractions and isolated compounds.
This study was divided into four main chapters:
Chapter (1): A preliminary phytochemical screening of Cassia glauca leaves followed by an in-depth phytochemical study of its aqueous alcoholic leaves extract. Further chromatographic separation will be carried out to characterize and isolate the relevant compounds.
Chapter (2): Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Cassia glauca leaves
Chapter (3): Biological study of Cassia glauca leaves extract, silver nano particles of different fractions and isolated compounds including in-vitro study of cytotoxic activity.
Chapter (1): Chemical Composition of the Aqueous Alcoholic Extract of Cassia glauca (Caesalpiniaceae)
a) Phytochemical Screening of the leaves of Aqueous alcoholic extract of Cassia glauca (Caesalpiniaceae)
Prelimenary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, sterols and / or triterpenes, carbohydrates and / or glycosides and anthraquinones, which is typical to this genus. Cassia glauca was selected to be the topic plant to investigate its phytochemical constituents and biological activity.
b) Phytochemical study of Cassia glauca leaves
The phytochemical study of Cassia glauca included successive column chromatographic fractionation of the aqueous methanol extract, separation of individual phenolics, repeated purification of these individuals and establishment of their purity by chromatographic techniques.
Compounds were identified by 1HNMR and APT spectroscopic data after comparison with previously reported data.
The isolated compounds include;
Compound (1) Kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside)
Compound (2) Quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside or Quercetin 3-O-β-D-rutinoside (Rutin)
c) Value added components from plant marc of Cassia glauca leaves
- The yield of by product; cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose were 51, 26, 9 % respectively.
- from separated cellulose bleached cellulose represent 70.2%, 80% α cellulose was yielded from bleached cellulose.
- The prepared nano crystalline cellulose were successfully used as a binder for preparation of sustained release tablets. The prepared tablets showed comparable characters to similar tablets prepared using avicel indicating potential application of the prepared natural nano crystals in industry.
Chapter (2): Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Cassia glauca leaves
a) Plant material preparation.
b) Synthesis of AgNPs.
c) Determination of band metal wavelength using UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
d) Evaluation of shape and size of (AgNPs) using TEM.
Chapter (3): Biological Investigation of the Aqueous Methanol Extract, AgNPs of the fractions and Two Compounds of Cassia glauca (Caesalpiniaceae)
Cassia glaucaa queous extract, nano-fractions and two compounds have been subjected in the present study to in-vitro cytotoxic activity:
1. Cytotoxic activity:
Cytotoxic activity of the extract, AgNPs of the fractions and isolated compounds on the proliferation of HepG-2, MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines was assessed using MTT proliferation assay. Finally, we can conclude that the Cassia glauca leaves extract and fractions could be used as a source of the reducing and capping agents that were needed in the green synthesis process of silver nanoparticles. That was confirmed by the cytotoxicity results of different Ag NPs indicating good physical properties of the produced nanoparticles of silver metal which is well-known for its cytotoxic properties.
2. Anti-microbial activity:
Antimicrobial activity of Cassia glauca leaves (total extract, its fractions, their nanoparticles form and isolated compounds) against Gram- positive, Gram –negative & Fungi.
- Ag NPs that were prepared by water extract, remaining aqueous fraction and methanol fraction exhibited zones of inhibitions against Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 18-20 mm, while methanol fraction has moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus = 13mm.
- Methanol fraction & Ag NPs that were prepared by water extract exhibited zones of inhibitions against E.coli ranged from 18-25 mm, while methanol fraction and Ag NPs that were prepared by remaining aqueous fraction have moderate activity ranged from 14-15mm.
- Methanol fraction, water extract and Ag NPs that were prepared by methanol fraction exhibited zones of inhibitions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranged from 22-28mm, while Ag NPs that were prepared by water extract and Ag NPs that were prepared by remaining aqueous fraction have moderate activity ranged from 17-18mm.
- On the other hand, Candida albicans showed complete resistance against all the tested samples, indicating absence of antifungal activity for Cassia glauca leaves.
3. The results of cytotoxicity confirmed by in silico study through as kaempferol rutinoside possess and aldose reductase inhibition mechanism.