الفهرس 
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Abstract
Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) is a transmembrane protein encoded by the FNDC5 gene. Last January 2012, FNDC5 burst into prominence as the parent of irisin. Irisin is a recently reported novel myokine, adipokine, cardiokine that is generated by the cleavage of its precursor protein fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) prior to being released into the circulation. Various studies on humans and rodents proposed and reviewed that irisin mediates the beneficial effects on metabolism by inducing the browning of adipocytes and thermogenesis, increasing total energy expenditure, improving glucose tolerance, reducing fasting insulin, and protecting against obesity and diabetes. However, up till now studies analyzing the expression and distribution of FNDC5 gene in camel species are lacking. Likewise, the existence of irisin protein in blood and tissues has not been explored previously in camels. Therefore, the present study was designated to detect of the irisin protein content in the blood and tissues of the Arabian camels and to examine the expression and distribution pattern of FNDC5 gene, on the mRNA level, in the camel various muscle types and adipose tissues as well as to discover the precise cellular localization of irisin/ FNDC5 protein in muscles and adipose tissues of Arabian camels using different molecular biological techniques. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) verified the presence of mRNA encoding for FNDC5 in muscles (skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth) as well as in adipose tissue (hump) of Arabian camels. Additionally, real-time PCR analysis identified the relative expression levels of FNDC5 mRNAs of the various camel tissues examined. The relative abundance of FNDC5 mRNAs showed high levels in camel hump, gastrocnemius, and heart, and lower levels in the visceral smooth muscle. Using ELISA technique, the present study could detect and quantify the irisin protein content in the camel circulation, muscles, and adipose tissues.