الفهرس 
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Abstract
Fruits peels, an agricultural waste discarded in huge amounts, were
effectively fractionated into its oligosaccharides composition to dedicate their
added values utilization. Four different fruits peels (Banana, Watermelon,
Orange and Mango) were chosen and studied. The starch, pectin, hemicellulose,
celluloses, lignin and proteins fractions were determined in terms of dry weights
percentages for these peels.
The mango peels showed the highest oligosaccharides levels, even lignin
content was highest by 17.25%. Also, banana peels showed high
oligosaccharides levels, but with the lowest level of lignin by 4.82%. While, The
two fugal strains of Aspergillus niger and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were
co-cultivate observed, no antagonistic phenomena was remarked. During their
degrading enzyme assays showed that, the co-cultivation can improve
extracellular enzyme secretion.
While, the co-cultivation was resulted an increasing in enzymes activities
by 5.8, 8.8 and 81.3 nmol.min-1.ml-1 for β-glucosidase, celulase and xylanase,
respectively.
The SDS-PAGE protein profiles confirmed that, fungi co-cultivation
results in improved the excretion of relevant enzymes proteins, the combined
profile were contained proteins not observed in the individual fungus culture.
Lab-scale biostatic reactor was carried out for enzymes production and
saccharifaction, the banana and mango peels were released the greatest
saccharified pentose and hexose sugars, the total fermentable sugars from them
were 27.77 and 21.13 g.l-1, respectively. The co-fermentation were conducted by
selected yeast strain belong to Kluyveromyces marxianus to contribute
previously sexual regenerative Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol
production.
As expected, the co-fermentation increased the bioethanol yield by more
than 18% as average percentage for all saccharified peels. The substantial
bioethanol yield were observed by saccharifed banana peels with 10.74 g.l-1, the
adding of calcium oxide as drying agent lead finally to 97.5 wt % of pure
bioethanol by duplicate the distillation process.
In this work, the influence of main parameters on the inter esterification
reaction was evaluated. The effect of catalyst concentration was studied in the
range of zero to 1.0 wt %.
The reaction molar ratio of cocked oil to ethyl acetate were established by
0.1, 0.125, 0.2, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mol.mol-1 respectively. The highest reaction
conversion was attained at reaction temperature of 60°C, molar ratio of oil to
ethyl acetate at 1 : 6 ratio (0.17 mol.mol-1) within 6 hours of reaction time, and
catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt%.