الفهرس 
Introduction and RationaleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia occurs either because of a lack of insulin or because of the presence of factors that oppose the action of insulin. The result of insufficient action of insulin is an increase in blood glucose concentration (hyperglycemia).
Vascular complications occur as a result of chronic elevation of blood glucose levels, which leads to damage of blood vessels. Generally, the injurious effects of hyperglycemia are separated into macrovascular complications (coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke) and microvascular complications (DN, neuropathy, and retinopathy).