الفهرس 
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Abstract
Avian influenza and infectious bronchitis viruses are pathogens with economic importance in poultry industry. To determine the role of these viruses in respiratory diseases outbreak in Lebanese poultry farms, 347 serum samples from 26 flocks with respiratory disease symptoms were examined by ELISA tests. Some of these flocks had received influenza A and infectious bronchitis viruses’ vaccines. The overall antibody titers and of AIV H9 subtype and infectious bronchitis viruses were recorded. The results revealed the presence of both viruses in some flocks at the same time.
Also; tracheal swabs and tissue organs were collected from 60 poultry flocks from different ages, different type of raising which were housed in different Governorates in Lebanon including, broilers, layer hens, breeders, backyard chickens and ducks for molecular characterization by real time- RT-PCR. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of some of the H9N2 and IBV-positive samples have been conducted. All flocks had shown respiratory signs and mortality. The real time- RT-PCR results have shown 12 flocks to be positive to infection with IBV and eight were positive to infection with H9N2. A new lineage of H9N2 virus from the last analysed sequences and VAR2 IBV has been detected for the first time among Lebanese poultry flocks and had shown 99% similarity with VAR2 genotype present in Egypt. even in vaccinated chickens against H9N2 and IBV respectively.
Conclusion: H9N2 and VAR2-IBV are reported to be circulating and affecting chickens with mortalities and loss of production in Lebanese poultry farming.