الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
During summer seasons of 2015, 2016 and 2017, a field experiment was conducted at the Research and Experimental Station (30°19′ N, 31°16′ E), Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effects of combinations between hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles and calcium carbonate nanoparticles as nano-fertilizers under two irrigation intervals, on growth of soybean plants (Glycine max, Merrill c.v. Giza 111). In 2016 season, experiment was canceled owing to weed competition. The soil was clay loam and its properties are shown in Table 1. The preceding crop was wheat in both seasons
Experiment included the following factors:-
a- Irrigation intervals: -
Irrigation treatments, (irrigation at 2 and 3 weeks whereas irrigation every 2 weeks as a recommended practice). Irrigation treatments were followed after El-Mohaya irrigation (25 days after planting).
b- Calcium carbonate nanoparticles:-
Foliar application of two concentrations, i.e. zero g fed–1 (control), 500 g fed–1 calcium carbonate nanoparticle was sprayed three times after 25, 45, and 65 days from sowing. Calcium carbonate nanoparticles was purchased from Bio-Nano fertilizer company and was characterized by x– ray diffraction, average crystal size 93.3 Nano-meters.
c- Hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles
Foliar application of three concentrations, i.e. zero kg fed–1 (control), 3 kg fed–1, 6 kg fed–1. A Hydroxyl apatite nanoparticle was sprayed three times after 25, 45, and 65 days from sowing. A Hydroxyl apatite nanoparticle was purchased from Bio-Nano fertilizer company and was characterized by x – ray diffraction, average crystal size 16.9 Nano-meters.
Data recorded
A- Growth study:-
Five plants were collected at random after 80 days from sowing of each plot to study the following growth characters:-
1 Plant height (cm).
2 Number of branches/plant.
3 Number of leaves/plant.
4 Leaf area index (LAI).
5 Number of root nodules/plant.
6 Dry root weight/plant (g).
7 Dry stem weight/plant (g).
8 Dry leaves weight/plant (g).
9 Dry pods weight/plant (g).
10 Number of pods/plant.
Leaf area index (LAI) was estimated according to Watson (1947).
B- Yield and yield attributes
Soybean plants were harvested in October 15 th and October 25 th during 2015 and 2017, respectively from one inner ridges in every plot to estimate the following yield characters:-
a. Plant height (cm).
b. Number of branches/plant.
c. Number of seeds/pods.
d. 100 - Seed weight of (g).
e. Hulling %.
Moreover, plants from the two inner ridges were collected to estimate:-
a. Pods Yield fad–1 (ton/fed).
b. Seed yield, fad–1 (ton/fed).
c. Biological yield fad–1 (ton/fed).
C- Seed chemical composition
1. Total nitrogen percentage:-
Total nitrogen was determined in seeds using the modified micro Kjeldahl method as described in A.O.A.C. (1995). Crude protein content was calculated by multiplying the total nitrogen by 5.7. Then, protein yield in kg per feddan was computed.
2. Seed oil percentage:-
For oil percentage determination, the technique for extraction and the methods used for determination were mainly by using petroleum ether in a Soxhelt apparatus according to A.O.A.C. (1995).
The results obtained can be summarized as follows:-
A- Water intervals
1. Effect of water intervals on growth traits
Plant height and numbers of leaves per plant were significantly influenced by irrigation intervals in the two studied seasons 2015, 2017 and combined result while numbers of branches per plant as well as leaf area index were significantly affected by the irrigation intervals in the second season (2017) only. In respect, plants irrigated every three weeks scored the superiority in its number of nodules per plant and/or number of pods per plant in the two growing seasons under study. The previous measure characters scored the highest values in the second season than the first one. Irrigation intervals had statistically significant effect on root dry weight per plant, stem dry weight per plant, leaves dry weight per plant and pods dry weight per plant. These results were fairly true in the two studied seasons 2015, 2017 and combined result. Plants irrigated every three weeks surpassed others of two weeks in all measure characters. The increments were 0.86, 4.62, 4.97 and 2.45 g/plant for root, stem, leaves and pods in combined results
2. Effect of water intervals on yield and its components
Plant height at harvest, number of branches /plant and number of seeds /pod were statistically significant by irrigation intervals during the two studied seasons; 2015, 2017 and combine data. Soybean plants irrigated every two weeks were taller, outnumbered of branches and more seeds per pod in the two growing seasons; 2015, 2017 and its combine, respectively. Pod yield /feddan and 100-seed weight were significantly affected by irrigation intervals in the two successive seasons; 2015 and 2017 as well as its combined result. On the contrary Hulling% did not affect by irrigation intervals in the two studied seasons; 2015 and 2017 or combined data. Soybean seed yield /feddan and biological yield /feddan significantly influenced by irrigation intervals in the two studied seasons; 2015 and 2017 as well as combine result. Plants irrigated every two weeks produced higher seed yield /feddan and its biological yield /feddan in the two resulted seasons; 2015 and 2017 and its combine.
B- Calcium carbonate nanoparticles:-
1. Effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles on growth traits
Plant height, numbers of branches per plant, numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of nodules per plant and number of pods per plant of soybean plants which treated with 500 g/fed surpassed untreated plants in the two studied seasons 2015, 2017 and combined. The increments in the measure characters were so great and enough to reach the 5% level of significance. Dry matter accumulation of soybean plants sprayed with 500g/fed of calcium carbonate nanoparticles out-weight other untreated plants in root, stem and leaves in the first season and combined results while pods weight influenced significantly in the second season and combined results
2. Effect of calcium carbonate nanoparticles on yield and its components
Plant height, number of branches /plant and number of seeds /pod were statistically significant influenced by the applying of calcium carbonate nanoparticles in the first season (2015) of study only. Plants treated by 500 g/feddan of calcium carbonate nanoparticles scored the highest values of plant height, number of branches /plant and number of seeds /pod than control. Pod yield /feddan, hulling% and 100-seed weight were significantly affected by calcium carbonate nanoparticles in the two successive seasons; 2015 and 2017 as well as its combined result. Soybean plants treated by 500 g/feddan calcium carbonate nanoparticles produced higher pod yield /feddan, hulling% and 100-seed weight. These results mean that soybean plants were affected by calcium carbonate nanoparticles which encourage soybean plants to produce more pods as well as heavier seeds.
Seed yield /feddan as well as biological yield /feddan significantly influenced by adding 500 g/feddan calcium carbonate nanoparticles in the two studied seasons; 2015 and 2017 as well as combine result except the first season of study.
C- Hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles
1. Effect of hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles on growth traits
Plant height, numbers of branches per plant, numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area index and number of root nodules per plant of soybean plants statistically significant influenced by treating with hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles rates in the two studied seasons 2015, 2017 and combined result. Soybean plants treated with 6 kg hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles per feddan out-numbered other plants in its numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area index and number of root nodules per plant in the two growing seasons 2015, 2017 and combined data. Dry matter accumulation of soybean plants organs root, stem, leaves, pods and number of pods per plant significantly increased by treating with hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles.
2. Effect of hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles on yield and its components
Increasing application rates of hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles up to 6 kg/feddan; plant height, number of branches /plant and number of seeds /pod were statistically significant enhanced. These increases were so great and enough to reach the 5% level of significance in the two studied season; 2015 and 2017 as well as combine data.
Pod yield /feddan, hulling% and 100-seed weight were increased significantly with increasing hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles from 3 kg/feddan up to 6 kg/feddan. These results were fairly true in the two growing seasons; 2015 and 2017 as well as combine result.
Seed yield /feddan as well as biological yield /feddan were significantly affected by applying 500 hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles in the two studied season; 2015 and 2017 as well as combine result. Soybean plants treated with 6 kg /feddan hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles produced the highest seed yield /feddan or/and biological yield /feddan in the two growing seasons.
D- Irrigation intervals X calcium carbonate nanoparticles X hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles interaction on growth traits of soybean:-
Effect of interaction between calcium carbonate, hydroxyl apatite levels and irrigation intervals treatments on soybean growth parameters was significant. This significant effect means that the tested calcium carbonates and hydroxyl apatite levels do not take the same behavior under the different treatments of irrigation intervals. Results also showed that soybean plants were treated with 3 kg/fed hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles, 500 g/fed calcium carbonate nanoparticles and irrigation every two weeks gave the highest means values of plant height and number of branches /plant but interaction between 6 kg/fed hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles and 500 g/fed calcium carbonate nanoparticles under irrigation every 2 week scored the maximum values of numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of nodules per plant, number of pods per plant, stem dry weight per plant and leaves dry weight per plant. On the other hand the lowest means values were recorded at combination between zero kg/fed hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles and zero g/fed calcium carbonate nanoparticles under irrigation every 3 week on all growth parameters.
E- Irrigation intervals X calcium carbonate nanoparticles X hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles interaction on yield attributes of soybean:-
Results revealed clearly that the interaction effect was significant. These significant effects reflect that tested calcium carbonates nanoparticles along with hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles levels do not take the same behavior under the different treatments of irrigation intervals. Results also showed that soybean plants which sprayed with 3 kg/fed hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles, 500 g/fed calcium carbonate nanoparticles and irrigation every two weeks gave the highest means values of plant height and number of seeds /pod but interaction between 6 kg/fed hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles and 500 g/fed calcium carbonate nanoparticles under irrigation every 2 week recorded the maximum values of numbers of branches per plant, 100-seed weight, pod yield, seed yield and biological yield. On the other hand the lowest means values were recorded at combination between zero kg/fed hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles and zero g/fed calcium carbonate nanoparticles under irrigation every 3 week on all yield attributes on contrary, this combination scored the highest hulling% may be due to decreased in number of sinks (seeds) which made all dry mater accumulations distribute on small number of seeds which reflect increases in hulling%.