الفهرس 
Risk factors related to the prevalence of infectionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In the current study 20 Helicobacter pylori isolates were isolated from the gastric antral biopsy specimens of 45 dyspeptic patients attended to the endoscopic unit of Tanta University Hospital. Histopathological examination of the obtained gastric biopsy specimens by Giemsa stain showed the presence of H. pylori in 44.4 % of the total studied cases. Ten antibiotic discs from different classes were tested against 20 H. pylori positive clinical isolates using the disc diffusion method, eight isolates were proved to be pan drug-resistant (PDR)isolates recording 100 % resistance against all tested antibiotics while, the remain 12 isolates were proved to be multi drug resistant (MDR)isolates.Toxin genes, cytotoxin associated gene A(CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin gene A (VacA) genotypes were detected in pan drug-resistant H. pylori isolates by using PCR. Molecular identification of pan drug-resistant H.pylori isolates carrid out by 16S rRNA genes sequencing. Resistance of H. pylori to most of the common used antibiotics have generated an interest for searching new alternative therapies, so the antibacterial activity of alcoholic(methanol and ethanol) and aqueous extracts of five herbal plants, also seven essential oils were screened in vitro against pan drug- resistant H. pylori clinical strains using the agar well diffusion method. All the tested plant extracts showed anti-H. pylori activity with inhibition zone diameter between (0) and (25) mm and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) methanol extract has the highest significant activity. On the other hand, cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil recorded the highest anti- H. pylori activity among all tested essential oils.Spectroscopic analysis included FT-IR, UV and GC-MS were carried out for Syzygium aromaticum methanol extract and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil as the best anti-H. pylori agents also cytotoxicity assay were performed on this extract and oil against peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Non- H. pylori bacterial isolates that were found in the collected gastric biopsy specimens were identified by using VITEK 2 system.