الفهرس 
Nano technology and its application in agricultural:
Physical characteristics of bulbs:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study was carried out at a private farm in Met Yazed village, El-Santa district, Al-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive cropping seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. Two experiments were carried out as follows:- The firs experiment effect of nano particles of chitosan, calcium and copper on growth, yield, quality and storability of bulb onion. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar application of chitosan, calcium and copper nanoparticles to improve growth, quality and storability of onion. To achieve this aim, the study consisted of the thirteen treatments which arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replicates as follows: Foliar spray with chitosan at 2000 ppm, nano chitosan at 30, 60,120 ppm.Chelate calcium al 5000 ppm, nano calcium at 30,60,120 ppm.Chelate copper at 1500 ppm, nano copper at 30,60,120 ppm and Control (Tap water). onion seeds of the cultivar Giza Red were used in this experiment. Uniform onion seedlings (60 days old) were transplanted on 4th and 8th of December in the two growing seasons, respectively. The plot area was 28.8 m2 which contained 6 rows with 6 m in length and 80 cm in width. Onion plants were sprayed three times during the growth period,i.e., 4, 7 and 10 weeks from transplanting. The results can summarize as follows: 67 First experiment Vegetative growth: Plant height, number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content, Plant fresh weight and Plant dry weight were significantly affected by the application of all treatments. Plants treated with nano chitosan at 120 ppm had the highest values in both season except chlorophyll content in the second season. There was no significant difference between chitosan at 2ml/L and nano chitosan at 120 ppm. Control plants had the lowest value . Yield characteristics: Results indicate that chitosan at 2ml/L gave the highest value for marketable bulb yield in the second season and bulb yield per fedden in both seasons. Nano chitosan at 120 ppm gave the highest value for marketable bulb yield in the first season and bulb dry matter content in both seasons. On the other hand, the control treatment gave the lowest value for all yield parameters in both seasons. Bulb physical characteristics: According to result all bulb physical characteristics were significantly affected by the application of all treatment except bulb length/diameter ratio in both seasons. Nano chitosan at 120 ppm gave the highest value for bulb length and bulb diameter in both seasons. Chitosan at 2ml/L gave the highest value for neck thickness in the first season, but in the second season nano chitosan at 120 ppm gave the highest value. There was no significant difference between chitosan at 2ml/L and nano chitosan at 120 ppm. Control plants had the lowest value. 68 Chemical components: Results show that in the first season, all chemical components characteristics were significantly affected by the application of chitosan at 2ml/L and nano chitosan at 120 ppm except the phosphorus content in bulbs in the first season, potassium in leaves and in bulbs in second season. Chitosan at 2ml/L gave the highest value for nitrogen content in bulbs, total carbohydrates, phosphorus in leaves and protein. Nitrogen in leaves calcium in bulbs and copper in bulbs were the highest by the application of nano chitosan at120 ppm, nano calcium at 120 ppm, and nano copper at120 ppm, respectively. The treatment of nano chitosan at 120 ppm gave the highest value in nitrogen content in leaves, total carbohydrates and protein. Calcium content in bulbs and copper content in bulbs showed the highest values by the application of nano calcium at 120 ppm and nano copper at 120 ppm, respectively. The control treatment gave the lowest value for all tested chemical parameters in both seasons. Storability: The loss of weight: Data show that there was significant effect for the application of all used treatments expect nano calcium at 30,60 ppm and nano copper at 30 ppm in both seasons. The treatment of nano chitosan at 120 ppm gave the lowest value for the loss of weight after two months and six months in both seasons. Chitosan at 2ml/L was the most effective treatment for reducing the weight loss percentage after four and eight months. 69 The percentage of decay The chitosan at 2ml/L gave the lowest value for the percentage of decay after four and six months in both seasons, but nano copper at 120 ppm gave the lowest value for the percentage of decay after 8 months. The percentage of rooting and sprouting: The chitosan treatment at 2ml/L, nano chitosan at 120 ppm and nano copper at 120 ppm gave the lowest value for rooting and sprouting after 6 months in both seasons and percentage of rooting and sprouting after 8 months in both season. On the other hand, the control treatment gave the highest value for rooting and sprouting in both seasons. Second experiment The aim of this experiment was to study effect of nano particles of chitosan and calcium on seed production of onion. In early October of both seasons, the field was cleaned, ploughed, leveled and divided into plots 24 m2.Planting dates were 4 th and 8th December in both seasons, respectively. cv. Italian red was used . This experiment containted nine treatments which were:- foliar spray with chitosan at 2000 ppm, nano chitosan at 30, 60,120 ppm.Chelate calcium al 5000 ppm, nano calcium at 30,60,120 ppm. and control (Tap water). Onion plants were sprayed with treatments three times during the growth period, 4,7 and 10 weeks from sowing date.Seeds were harvested on 70 June, 15, 2016 and June, 20, 2017 when the open capsules reached to 5 % of total capsules. After harvesting, capsules were dried by sun and then seeds were threshed by sticks and cleaned by winnowing. The design of two experiments was complete randomized block design with three replicats. Each replicate consisted of 4 rows. Each rows was 1m wide and 6 m long.Bulb were sown on the center of the ridg and spaced 25 cm between each bulb in all replicates using.The method of irrigation was surface irrigation system.The experiments were conducted in a clay loamy soil. The obtained results can be summarized as follows: Vegetative growth Chlorophyll content was not significantly affected by the application of all treatments. Application of nano chitosan at 60 ppm, calcium at 5ml/L, nano calcium at 30,120 ppm gave the highest value of plant height. Number of leaves per plant was increased by application of nano chitosan at 120 ppm, and nano calcium at 30,60 ppm in the second season nano chitosan at 120 ppm gave the highest value in the first season. Flowering traits Number of flower stalks per plant, and umbel diameter were significantly affected by the application of nano chitosan at 120 ppm in both seasons. Application of nano calcium at 30, 60 and 120 ppm gave the highest value in scape length in the first season. Scape diameter was increased by application of all treatments expect nano chitosan at 30 ppm in the first season ,but in the second season it was increased by application of 71 nano chitosan at 60,120 ppm and nano calcium at 60,120 ppm. Control plants gave the lowest value in all flowering characters. Seed yield Adding nano chitosan at 120 ppm increased the seed weight per plant in both seasons, weight of 1000 seeds in the second season and germination percentage in both seasons. Application of nano calcium at 60 and 120 ppm increased weight of 1000 seeds in first season. On the other hand seed weight per plot and seed weight /fed were not significantly affected by the application of all used treatments. Chemical composition Content of potassium was increased with the application of all treatments in the first season. Application of nano chitosan at 120 ppm gave the highest value of potassium in both seasons. Nitrogen content in the second season was increased significantly by application of nano chitosan at 120 ppm. Calcium content in the first season was increased by application of nano calcium at 120 ppm.