الفهرس 
Biodiesel and its productionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The ever increase in global energy demand, consumption of depletable fossil fuels, exhaust emissions and global warming, all these led to search about alternative fuels. Biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel are investigated to solve the problem of depletion of fossil fuels and environmental impact. The spray characteristic of the injected fuel is mainly depends upon fuel injection pressure, temperature, ambient pressure, fuel viscosity and fuel density. An experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of injection pressure on the spray was injected into direct injection (DI) diesel engine in the atmospheric condition. In Diesel engine, the window of 20 mm diameter hole and the transparent quartz glass materials were used for visualizing spray characteristics of combustion chamber at right angle triangle position. The varying Injection pressure of 150- 300 bar and the engine was hand cranked for conducting the experiments. Spray characteristics for biodiesel blends B40 &B60 and diesel were studied experimentally. Spray tip penetration and spray cone angle were measured in a combustion chamber of Direct Injection diesel engine by employing high speed Digital camera . The study shows that B40&B60 give longer spray tip penetration and smaller spray cone angle than those of diesel fuels. ABSTRACT ii Regarding study of performance and emissions, Blends of waste cooking-oil biodiesel and diesel oil were prepared in volume percentages of 20, 40 ,60 ,80 and 100% as B20, B40 ,B60,B80 and B100. Biodiesel blends have ASTM standards of physical and chemical characterization near to diesel fuel. Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions were studied experimentally for burning waste cooking-oil blend with diesel fuel. This experimental was applied on a diesel engine at different engine loads from zero to full load. Thermal efficiencies for waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends were lower than diesel oil. Specific fuel consumptions of biodiesel blends were higher than diesel fuel. Higher exhaust gas temperatures were recorded for biodiesel blends compared to diesel oil. CO2 emissions for waste cooking-oil biodiesel blends were higher than diesel oil. CO and HC emissions for biodiesel blends were lower than diesel fuel. NOx emissions for biodiesel blends were higher than diesel fuel.