الفهرس 
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE BILIARY SYSTEM
Duct of Luschka:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary
131
Summary
Common causes of common bile duct stones are secondary to
gall bladder stones but may be due to primary formation of stones in
the common bile duct. The incidence of gallbladder stones in adults
ranges from 6% to 10%. Choledocholithiasis occurs in about 10% to
15% of patients with gall bladder stones and can lead to a lot of
complications, such as obstructive jaundice, biliary colic, cholangitis
and pancreatitis. After worldwide acceptance of laparoscopic
cholecystectomy as the gold standard for the management of
gallbladder stone disease, extension of the benefits of the
laparoscopic approach to the treatment of common bile duct stones
becomes the logical next step. The best management of patients with
common bile duct stones has always been challenging, and it remains
controversial. Progress in endoscopic technology and equipment and
improvement in laparoscopic expertise established the principal
minimally invasive techniques. However, managing CBD stones
remains controversial, with the debate between a single-stage
procedure in the form of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration
(LCBDE) with cholecystectomy and two-stage procedure using
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancreatography (ERCP) either
before or after cholecystectomy. The utilization of LCBDE is
gradually increasing and is being accepted for CBD clearance; it is
associated with reduced hospital stay compared to preoperative
ERCP followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, as
LCBDE needs more advanced laparoscopic skills, and manipulation
of the flexible choledochoscpe, the preferred procedure in many