الفهرس 
Enamel Demineralization/Remineralization cycleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In the past two decades, caries research has been focused on the development of methodologies to gain minerals other than those available in saliva, due to their limited ability to remineralize early enamel lesions. The effects of different remineralizing agents on such lesions have been studied. Among the natural sources of minerals is the CES, where its powder has been used in various fields. However, there is still a little information regarding the benefits of using CESP for demineralized enamel surface. So, the aim of the current study was to quantitatively evaluate the remineralization potential of CESP on early induced enamel demineralized lesions using EDX analysis and SEM examination of the enamel surface topography. Materials and methods: Thirty-six sound, freshly extracted human 1st premolars were collected, cleaned from all soft debris and/or calculus and polished using prophy polishing paste. Modeling wax pieces measured 3 × 3 mm were placed in the middle third of the buccal surfaces of all teeth. All around the crown surfaces of the teeth was coated with two layers of a transparent acid resistant nail varnish; the wax was then removed exposing 3 × 3 mm enamel windows. The prepared specimens were randomly divided into two equal groups I and II (18 specimens each) according to the period of treatment with CESP solution and were color coded to be differentiated. Ten specimens in each group were examined with EDX analysis for their calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content through the sequential steps of the study. The enamel surface topography of the remaining eight specimens in each group was evaluated under SEM (two specimens for each step). To create initially demineralized enamel lesions, specimens were immersed separately in test tubes containing 10 mL of demineralizing solution at 37 °C for 96 hours. For treatment; specimens of group Ι were individually immersed in CESP solution in test tubes once daily for 12 min at 37 °C, then kept in artificial saliva at 37 °C for the rest of the day, for seven consecutive days. While specimens of group ΙΙ were immersed in the solution twice daily with a twelve hours’ interval between both immersions following the cycle mentioned before. The treated specimens in both groups were then subjected to a pH cycling regimen consisting of the previously mentioned demineralization for only 3 hours, followed by immersion in a remineralizing solution for 21 hours, for 5 consecutive days. The (Ca) & (P) wt. % values as well as the Ca/P ratio throughout the steps of the study were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using (SPSS version 20). Results ANOVA test revealed a highly statistically significant difference (p=0.000) among the mean wt. % values of (Ca), (P) content and Ca/P ratio recorded in the different steps of the study in both groups. Statistical comparison between both groups using independent t-test revealed that; after treatment a significant difference was found in the mean (Ca) and (P) values between both groups recording p value of (0.001 & 0.000) respectively. In addition, the Ca/P ratio was significantly different comparing both groups (p=0.001). When the treated specimens were subjected to further acidic challenge through pH cycling, similar findings were found regarding (Ca) content with a high statistical significant difference (p=0.000). On the other hand, no significant difference was found (p=0.755) between the (P) content mean - 70 - Summary and Conclusion values (29.66 & 29.52) in both groups respectively. However, the Ca/P ratio was significantly different recording p value of (0.000). SEM findings supported the previous results revealing decreased surface porosity of the treated enamel surfaces.