الفهرس 
Human heart conduction systemOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Bradycardia is one of the most critical diseases due to the DROP in the patient’s heart rate (HR) below 60 beat per minute. In such case, a medical device called pacemaker should be used to restore the patient’s HR to the normal level. Accordingly, heart abnormalities’ diagnostic methods are the most challenging task that require accurate design of a suitable pacemaker. Furthermore, distinguishing between deadly abnormalities and temporary arrhythmias cannot be easily distinguished by using only ECG (electrocardiogram) signals. Also, the first few seconds are considered the most critical time to detect the heart abnormalities and fire the pacemaker to restore the patient’s normal heart rate as quick as possible. To overcome these problems, various types of sensors can be designed to fulfill all the requirements of an ideal sensor. Correspondingly, several types of controllers have been used to achieve the desired HR regulation. Also using suitable tuning techniques of the controller’s gains has a positive impact to guarantee quick and accurate pacing output. This minimizes the diagnosis time , detection of heart abnormalities and restoration of the patient’s normal HR. This inspired the aim of the current thesis to develop three novel cardiac pacemaker models using different sensors. These sensors are controlled with different controllers, such as PID and FPD controllers to get suitable pacing signal for restoring the patient’s HR. In addition, optimization tuning technique was used to achieve quick, smooth and accurate pacing rate. The thesis is organized into six chapters as follows: • Chapter 1: introduces the motivations, the objectives and the organization of the thesis. • Chapter 2: presents an overview on the medical background to illustrate the human heart as a pump station, electrocardiogram (ECG), heart abnormalities, artificial pacemaker, development of cardiac pacing artificial pacemakers, body sensors and different types of pacemaker controllers . • Chapter 3: provides a new design of a simple cardiac pacemaker using the transfer function method, which is controlled with the optimized FPD controller. The performance of the designed controller was checked with different membership functions to demonstrate the influence of the membership function on the output response. • Chapter 4: includes a new designed, simulated model of a dual sensor cardiac pacemaker with complete human heart model, sensing, pre-filtering, and detecting system controlled using the same optimized FPD controller. • Chapter 5: illustrates a new design of a single chamber cardiac pacemaker using activity sensor (accelerometer) to restore the patient’s HR during an abrupt and continuous physical exercises. The PID controller was used with optimization technique for tuning the gain values to achieve optimal output response. • Chapter 6: concludes the outcome and implications of the thesis, and high lights the planned future work.