الفهرس 
ATTENTIION DEFIICIIT HYPERACTIIVE DIISorder “ADHD”Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
DHD is an etiologically complex, highly heritable, common childhood psychiatric disorder with approximately 5% prevalence worldwide. It is characterized by age inappropriate patterns of severe and persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD often coexists with other psychiatric and somatic disorders (Choudhry et al., 2013).
Conventional treatments for ADHD include stimulant medication and/or behavioral therapy, and both have been scientifically proven to be effective, however Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) has become increasingly popular in recent years, as an adjunctive or alternative therapy for children with ADHD as many families are concerned about safety and medication-related risks and are unable to access counseling for behavior modification (Bader and Aesman, 2012).
Many studies reported the association between ADHD and DRD4 after finding the2&4& 7 –repeat alle of the DRD4 gene polymorphism (Varga et al., 2012).
We conducted this study on 50 patients with ADHD and 50 Controls as much as possible matched with the ADHD group as regards age and gender.
All the studied patients were subjected to physical examination, psychiatric evaluation, genetic study and further evaluation was done by:
• Conners parent rating scale for detection of severity of ADHD.
• IQ assessment using the Arabic version of Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC).
In our study; there was male predominance in ADHD cases where they represent 88% of cases with male to female ratio 7:1 with ages range from 6 to 16 years old with (mean age 9.28, SD 2.26).
Regarding consanguinity, 28% of parents of cases were consanguineous as opposed to 10% of controls which is statistically significant (p-value <0.05 ) In addition, family history was of significant statistical value(18% in cases,0% in controls) (p-value <0.05).
There was a significant difference between the cases and controls as regards genotype distribution as follow: 7-repeat allele is present only in controls. 2-repeat allele was the most common repeat presents in the ADHD cases in comparison to controls. There was heterozygous 2-repaet allele in 16% of cases and homozygous 2-repeat allele in 26% of cases as opposed to controls who showed no 2-repeat allele.
We found that 4-repeat allele showed statistically difference where 8% of cases only had homozygous 4-repeat as opposed to 28% of controls, and 10% of cases had heterozygous 4-repeat as opposed to 6% of control with overall presence of 4-repeat more in controls which is statistically significant.
There was no statistically difference between cases and control as regard 3-repeat allele. These cases showed mild symptoms of ADHD.
In our study we found that 2-repeat allele has been associated with high scores in inattention component and hyperactivity-impulsivity which are statistically significant, that means that 2-repeat allele may be associated with more severity of ADHD.
All cases with 4l4 and 4l5 genotypes were found to be associated with significant inattention and hyperactivity symptoms.