الفهرس 
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Abstract
This work was carried out in order to study the macroscopic and microscopic examination of condemned kidneys of cattle and sheep, to detect the types of lesions in the collected samples.This study was carried out on a total number of 192 kidney samples which included 69 cattle kidneys and 123 sheep kidneys. The samples were examined from December 2016 to October 2017 in El-basatin abattoir (Cairo-Egypt).In this study the pathological findings in kidneys with hemorrhages in cattle and sheep grossly, showed the variations in the shape and size, as petechiae to ecchymosis form found just beneath the capsule. The cut surface was severely congested in both cortex and medulla.Microscopic findings revealed severe hemorrhages both in the glomeruli and in between the renal tubules. The inter-tubular hemorrhages were detected both in the cortex and medulla. Moreover, brownish hemosiderin pigments were also seen within the cytoplasm of foamy macrophages in the lumen of the affected renal tubule.The kidneys with infarction in cattle and sheep grossly, showed Pale yellowish dry lesions projecting slightly above the surface of affected kidneys, occasionally, the infarct area were demarcated from the surrounding tissue by hyperemic zone. Cut surface showed pale yellowish wedge shaped areas with base of them being on the surface and apex directed towards the hilus of the kidney.
Microscopic examination in our results revealed focal coagulative necrosis surrounded by a zone of leukocytic infiltration separate it from the adjacent normal kidney.Meanwhile, the kidneys suffering from hydronephrosis in cattle grossly characterized by swollen and enlarged kidneys due to progressive dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces. Microscopic examination in our results revealed degenerative changes and segmentation of the glomerular tuft with periglomerular mononuclear cell infiltration. Occasionally, the renal tubules were severely dilated and lined by attenuated epithelium. Cystic dilatation of some of the renal tubules was also seen.Meanwhile, kidneys with amyloidosis in cattle and sheep in our results grossly, showed normal sized or slightly enlarged kidneys which had smooth to finely granular capsular surface. Cut surface of the cortex exhibited smooth or finely granular waxy appearance.Microscopic examination in our result revealed diffusely, amyloidosis affecting all the glomeruli and often replaces the entire of glomerular tuft. Moreover, the amyloid was deposited under endothelium lining the blood vessels and basement membranes of renal tubules. The tubules in the renal medulla were atrophied with attenuation or loss of the lining epithelium.In this study kidneys with membranous glomerulonephritis in cattle and sheep grossly, showed enlarged, pale kidney with smooth non adherent surface or contracted and fibrosed in some chronic cases.Microscopic examination in our results revealed moderate thickening of the renal capsule. The glomeruli showed severe thickening and hyalinization of the Bowman’s capsule and also the basement membrane of the glomerular tuft. Shrinkage and segmentation of the glomerular tuft were detected.Kidneys with proliferative glomerulonephritis in cattle in our results grossly, showed the appearance of very fine dots on the sub-capsular space and renal cortex with congestion of the cortico-medullary junction.
Microscopic findings in our results revealed hyper-cellularity of the glomerular tuft with hyperplasia of mesangial and endothelial cells with active vesicular nuclei and leukocytic cells infiltration in the glomerular tuft associated with peri-glomerular leukocytic cells aggregation.Kidneys with membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis in sheep grossly, showed enlarged, pale colored, or contracted and fibrosed kidney. Occasionally, the kidneys showed pale cortical areas with focal adhered capsule.Microscopic findings in our results revealed, the glomeruli with thickening and hyalinization of Bowman’s capsule and thickening of glomerular capillary basement membrane and hyper-segmentation of glomerular tufts. The glomeruli showed also thickening of the mesangial matrix with hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the parietal and visceral epithelium.In this study, kidneys with chronic glomerulonephritis in cattle and sheep grossly, showed shrunken and contraction with a generalized fine granularity of the capsular space. Microscopic findings in our results revealed, segmental hyalinization of the glomerular tuft with severe hemorrhages within the tuft and there was periglomerular fibrosis.In this study, the kidney with embolic nephritis in cattle and sheep grossly, showed the presences of abscess of various sizes. Abscesses are seen in the cortex as semicircular areas while those in the medulla as elongated ones.Microscopic findings in our results revealed embolic nephritis in sheep was characterized by homogenous pinkish colored pus in the center of abscess and surrounded by dead and life neutrophils in addition to coagulative necrosis in most of the surrounding renal tubules. Perivascular and intertubular leucocytic infiltrations, mainly macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils were observed.While kidneys with pyelonephritis in cattle and sheep grossly, characterized by swelling in the renal pelvic and medullary area. Moreover, small to large greyish-white nodules were seen on the surface of the kidneys.Microscopic examination in our results revealed severe thickening of the renal capsule with leukocytic infiltration. Multifocally, within the cortex, there were neutrophilic aggregates filling the tubular lumen and also the interstitium causing replacement of the renal tubules.In this study, kidneys with focal interstitial nephritis in cattle and sheep grossly, showed greyish-white foci were presence scattered on the affected renal surface, which ranged from (1-5) ml in diameter. Microscopic findings in our results revealed the lesions were represented by focal interstitial replacement of the renal tissue by connective tissue infiltrated by mononuclear leucocytic cellular infiltration. The renal tubules within these areas exhibited cystic dilatation with flattened epithelial cells lining.Meanwhile, kidneys with diffuse interstitial nephritis in cattle and sheep grossly, showed normal sized or slightly enlarged with distinct red and grey mottling on the capsular surface. Kidneys were shrunken and become smaller in size, pale grey in color and firm on cutting.Microscopic examination in our results revealed diffuse interstitial connective tissue proliferation which replaces the renal tissue especially in the cortex and medulla. The renal tubules showed severe degree of degenerative changes with desquamation of their epithelial cells lining and presence of hyaline casts in their lumen. Moreover, heavy mononuclear interstitial leukocytic infiltration was observed.In this study, kidney with polycystic kidney in cattle in our results grossly, showed multiple small cysts of varying sizes contained clear serous fluid. The cut surface appeared like an irregular honey comb.The microscopic findings in our results revealed, numerous variable sizes cysts which were lined by single layer of flattening or cuboidal epithelium and having connective tissue in the wall. Most of cystic channels were distended by clear space or filled with eosinophilic material.Meanwhile, the kidney with acute necrotic nephritis in cattle in our results grossly, showed enlarged, pale kidney with tense and non-adherent capsule.Microscopic examination revealed, severe congestion and dilatation of the inter-tubular and Peri-glomerular blood vessel. Moreover, the renal tubules revealed severe necrosis of the epithelial cell lining, manifested by pyknosis, karyolysis or abscent nucleus.In this study, kidney with urolithiasis (kidney stone) in cattle grossly, showed stones were usually, situated in the calyx and pelvis renalis, some of them were multiple small or sand-like, others were solitary and big, smooth or hard rough surface. They were yellow to brown in color and soft to hard in consistency.Microscopic examination revealed segmentation of glomerular tuft with the presence of homogenous eosinophilic substances inside the Bowman’s space.
In this study, kidneys with parasites in cattle in our result grossly, showed the presence of immature worm of trematode embedded on the kidney tissue which takes white color.Microscopic examination revealed cross section of the parasite in the renal pelvis, with the presence of leucocytic infiltration around the parasitic cross section especially epithelial macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells and occasional foreign body giant cells.In this study kidney with neoplasm in sheep including, metastatic lymphosarcoma grossly, showed the neoplastic foci appear as a single grayish white area, well circumscribed areas located in the renal cortex. Microscopic examination revealed, the neoplasm composed of diffuse sheets of large lymphocytes effacing the renal cortex.While, adenocarcinoma in the present study grossly, showed a single grayish white well circumscribed mass located in the renal cortex.
Microscopic findings revealed the tumor composed of anaplastic cells with numerous mitotic figures, arranged in irregular tubules or papillary growth pattern in a fibrovascular stroma.