الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out in five broiler farms at Beni Suef governoratein a period between July and September 2017. At this study, samples were collected from feed, water, muscle and livers from five farms for detection of mycotoxin (AFB1), heavy metals (lead and cadmium), antibiotics (according to that use in each farm), hormones (progesterone and testosterone) residues as well as oxidative stress components in liver samplessuch as lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione(GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in addition to PCR analysis of glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes.
The results of AFB1 in muscle samples in Ehnasia, Naser, Beba, New Beni Suef and Beni Suef farms were 4.67±1.35, 9.37±1.66, 6.20±1.70, 7.30±1.68 and 6.26±1.21ppb respectively and in liver samples were 27±1.73, 15±2.64, 9.33±1.56, 8.50±0.92 and 27±1.70 ppbrespectively the results in all farms were higher than the permissible limits of EC, (2006) (5ppb) except muscle sample of Ehnasia farm was lower than the permissible limit. As well as there was correlated coefficient between the AFB1 in muscles, livers, and levels of AFB1 in feed in which also the mean values in feed in all farms were higher than the permissible limits of with significant difference EC, (2003) (20 ppb).
The EDI of AFB1 in Ehnasia, Naser, Beba, New Beni Suef and Beni Suef farms was calculated to be 6.6714, 13.385, 8.8571, 10.4285, 8.9428 ng/kg bw/day respectively during consumption the breast muscles and 7.7142, 4.2857, 2.6657, 2.4285 and 7.7142 ng/kg BW/day respectively during consumption the livers. It was found that these values exceeded the ADI of WHO, (1998) and JECFA, (2001)which are(2 to77 ng/person/day and 5 ng/kg BW/day) respectively.
For heavy metal detections, the concentration of Pb in muscle samples was detected only in Ehnasia and Beni suef farms with a mean values of 0.0142±0.004and 0.1122±0.046 ppm respectively and these were within the permissible limit of EOS, (2010) (0.1 mg/kg) but Pb levels not detected in other farms, while in liver samples Pb was detected in Ehnasia, Naser, Beba, New Beni Suef and Beni Suef farms with a mean values of 0.790± 0.424, 0.172± 0.035, 0.536± 0.122, 0.1881± 0.048 and 0.2739± 0.051ppmrespectively and the resultin Ehnasia and Beba farms were higher than the permissible limits ofEOS, (2010) (0.5 mg/kg).
The concentrations of Cd in muscle samples were in Ehnasia, Naser, Beba and Beni Suef farms were 0.122±0.012, 0.1540±0.04, 0.184±0.006and 0.1199±0.005 ppm respectively and these results were higher than the permissible limit of EOS, (2010) (0.05μg/g) but Cd level not detected in New Beni Suef farm, while in liver samples the levels of Cd were recorded a significant differences from the permissible limits of EOS, (2010) (1μg/g) and the results in Ehnasia, Naser, Beba, New Beni Suef and Beni Suef farms were 0.1940±0.072, 0.156±0.020, 0.2860±0.058, 0.1012±0.008 and 0.121±0.005 ppmrespectively.
There was a relation between the levels of Pb and Cd in muscles & liver and its levels in feed & water. In feed samples the levels of Pb in Ehnasia, Naser, Beba, New Beni Suef and Beni Suef farms were ND, 0.023±0.004, 0.0198±0.002, ND and 0.369±0.042ppmrespectively, and the levels of Cdwere 0.351±0.029, 0.017±0.002, 0.553±0.032, 0.088±0.0167 and 0.142±0.005ppmrespectively. While in water samples the levels of Pb were 0.002±0.0004, 0.003±0.0004, 0.002± 0.0003, 0.025±0.005 and 0.046±0.010ppmrespectively, and levels of Cd were 0.011±0.004, 0.002±0.0003, ND, 0.0202±0.006 and 0.0154±0.004ppmrespectively.
The EDI of Pb and Cd in Ehnasia, Naser, Beba, New Beni Suef and Beni Suef farms was calculated during muscles and livers consumption. It was found that these values have not exceeded the ADI of JECFA, (2011) for Pb and Cd3.0 and 0.8μg/kg/dayrespectively. Also, the ratio of THQ was less than 1.
Regarding antibiotic residue level it was detected from each farm and according to the last antibiotic used in the farm before marketing period, Ehnasia farm was used tylosin antibiotics, Naser farm was used erythromycin antibiotics, Beba and New Beni Suef were used doxycycline antibiotic and Beni Suef farm was used oxytetracycline. Tylosin results in muscles and livers were 0.067±0.01 and 0.095±0.01ppm respectively and these results were lower than the permissible limit of Codex Alimentarius Commission, (2012) for muscle and liver (100μg/kg). While erythromycin and doxycycline not detected neither in muscle nor in livers. Oxytetracycline levels in muscles and livers were 0.84±0.12 and 3.01±0.25ppm respectively, and these levels were higher than the permissible limit of EOS, (2008)in muscle and liver 200 and 600ppm respectively.
The EDI of antibiotics of tylosin and oxytetracycline respectively was calculated to be 0.0262 and 0.329μg/kg bw/day during consumption of muscles and was calculated to be0.0371 and 1.178μg/kg BW/day during consumption the liversrespectively. It was found that these values lower than the ADI of Codex Alimentarius Commission, (2015) which are0-30μg/kg/day.
The results of hormones, which detected in muscle samples were asthe following progesterone levels in Ehnasia, Naser, Beba, New Beni Suef and Beni Suef farms were 1.194±0.02, 3.650±0.12, 2.676±0.05, 2.01±0.05 and 1.456±0.04 ppb respectively, and these results were within the permissible limit of CVM-FDA, (1994a) (3ppb) with a significant difference in comparison with the permissible limit. Also, testosterone levels in muscle samples had significant differences in comparison with the permissible limit of CVM-FDA, (1994b) (0.640ppb) and the results that detected were higher than the permissible limit as the following 2.540±0.46, 0.662±0.05, 1.30±0.08, 1.818±0.07and 2.214±0.20ppb respectively.
The EDI of hormones was calculated in Ehnasia, Naser, Beba, New Beni Suef and Beni Suef farms to be 0.467×10-3, 1.429×10-3, 1.047×10-3, 0.787×10-3 and 0.569× 10-3μg/kg BW/dayrespectively for progesterone,and calculated for testosterone during consumption of muscles as 0.994×103, 0.259×10-3, 0.509×10-3, 0.712×10-3 and 0.867×10-3μg/kg BW/day respectively. It was found that these values lower than the ADI of Joint FAO /WHO, (1999) which are30μg/kg BWfor progesterone and 2 μg/kg BWfor testosterone.
The results in this study were confirmed by determination of LPO, GSH, and SOD levels in liver which showed obvious changes in their levels with up-regulation in GPx and SOD genes.
The levels of LPO were increased whilethe levels of GSH were decreased in Ehnasia and Beni Suef farms in comparison with other farms these results related to increases in AFB1, Pb, Cd and antibiotic levels in these farms than others.