الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde (CNMA) is a pale-yellow liquid with a warm,
sweet, spicy odor and pungent taste. It used as a food additive in low
concentrations in human food. However, if the use of these
compounds is extended to other applications that may require higher
doses as well, the increased exposure of humans to these compounds
is a matter of concern and this is the reason why their toxicological
properties are becoming of greater relevance (Stammati et al.,1999).
It is commercially prepared by the condensation reaction of
benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde and chemically related to
toxicologically more active compounds (Gowder and Halagowder,
2010).
Gum Arabic (GA) is an edible, dried gummy exudate from the
stems and branches of Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal, that is rich
in non-viscous soluble fiber. It is widely used in pharmaceutical and
food industry as an emulsifier and stabilizer, and in some countries
in the traditional treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease
(Ali et al., 2013b).
Vitamin E (VE) is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant
and protects cell membranes against oxidation (Kabel, 2014). It is
considered to be beneficial for prevention of diseases associated with
oxidative stress because of its remarkable anti-oxidative properties.
(Li et al., 2015). Therefore, the present study was done to investigate
the curative effect of GA and / or VE against CNMA induced
toxicity in liver and kidney of rats.
Summary and conclusion
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The doses selected in the present investigation were 73.5
mg/kg body weight for CNMA, 7.5 g/kg body weight for GA and 1
g/kg body weight for VE.
60 young male Wistar albino rats weighting 70-90 g were
divided into six groups ten rats each according the following
regimen: -
1- Normal control group, orally received distilled water.
2- CNMA group at zero time, orally received dose 73.5 mg/kg b. wt.
of CNMA dissolved in distilled water daily for 3 months.
3- CNMA group at 30 days orally administrated with a dose of
CNMA 73.5 mg/kg b. wt. daily for three months followed without
any treatment for another 30 days as a recovery period.
4- GA therapeutic group received oral doses of CNMA 73.5 mg/kg b.
wt. daily for three months then orally administered GA at a dose 7.5
g/kg b. wt. daily for another 30 days.
5- VE therapeutic group received oral doses of CNMA 73.5 mg/kg b.
wt. daily for three months then orally administered VE at a dose
1g/kg b. wt. daily for another 30 days.
6- Mixture therapeutic group received oral doses of CNMA 73.5
mg/kg b. wt. daily for three months then orally administered mixture
of GA and VE at doses 7.5 g/kg b. wt. and 1g/kg b. wt. of GA and
VE respectively daily for another 30 days.
At the end of treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and then
the mean body weight was calculated. Also, the livers and kidneys
were weighted and the absolute and relative weights were calculated.
The blood samples were collected and centrifuged for biochemical
analysis.
Then the liver and kidney specimens obtained from the control
and treated rats were prepared to be examined histologically in
Summary and conclusion
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addition to estimation of oxidative stress and comet test.
The results obtained from the present investigation can be
summarized as follows:
Body weight, absolute and relative liver and kidney
weights:
In the present study, the mean body weights of CNMA rats at
zero time after 3 months significantly decreased as compared to the
control group. A considerable improvement was observed in GA,
VE and mixture groups. On the other hand, no significant differences
were found in the relative weight of liver or kidney in control rats
and other groups.
Biochemical parameters:
Liver enzyme tests:
Normal rats showed more or less constant levels of serum
ALT, AST and GGT during the course of the study. On the other
hand, in CNMA group at zero time, a significant elevation was
realized in ALT, AST and GGT levels as compared with control
group. A considerable improvement was observed in GA, VE and
mixture groups.
Kidney function tests:
Serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium (Na+) and potassium
(K+) levels: In CNMA group at zero time, a significant elevation in
urea, creatinine and Na+ and decrease K+ levels as compared with
control group. On the other hand, a considerable improvement was
observed in GA, VE and mixture groups.
Summary and conclusion
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Oxidative stress parameters:
Tissue glutathione (GSH) (nmol/g protein) levels:
Normal rats showed more or less constant levels during the
course of the study. In CNMA rats at zero time, a significant
depletion in the content of tissue GSH was recorded. On the other
hand, a slight improvement was observed in GA and VE groups and
a marked increase occurred in tissue GSH content in the therapeutic
rats by mixture of GA and VE.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)(u/g) activity:
Normal rats showed more or less constant levels during the
course of the study. In CNMA rats, a significant depletion in the
content of tissue SOD was recorded. Whereas, some improvement
was observed in SOD content in the GA therapeutic group. In VE
therapeutic group, slight improvement was observed. On the other
hand, marked increase occurred in tissue SOD content in the
therapeutic rats by mixture of GA and VE.
Tissue lipid peroxidation malondialdhyde (MDA) (nmol/g
protein):
The control rats designated more or less constant figures
during the study period. On the other hand, in CNMA rats at zero
time a significant elevation was realized in tissue MDA content as
compared with the control group. A considerable improvement was
observed in GA therapeutic rats in tissue MDA. Also, minimal
improvement occurred in the MDA content of VE therapeutic rats.
On the other hand, significant improvement occurred in the MDA
content of therapeutic rats by mixture of GA and VE.
Summary and conclusion
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Histological studies:
Microscopical studies of the liver
Examination of liver sections of the control animals showed
regular histoarchitecture of the liver parenchyma with well
designated hepatocytes, sinusoids and central veins. In CNMA rats
at zero time and 30 days a marked degree of deterioration of the liver
tissue has been displayed. The parenchymal liver tissue had
apparently lost most of their characteristic architectural organization,
and the great majority of the constituent hepatocytes became
detached from each other.
In GA therapeutic group, the photomicrographs of liver
sections showed cytoplasmic vaculation and deterioration nuclei of
hepatic cells.
In VE therapeutic group, degenerative changes within hepatic
cells persisted, where some cells appeared binucleated and
cytoplasmic vaculation in hepatocytes persisted.
No Abreus alteration were observed fallowed mixed treatment
with GA&VE as compared to treatment with either alone.
Microscopical studies of the kidney
Kidney of control group showed normal architecture pattern.
CNMA rats at zero time and 30 days revealed marked
histological lesions particularly in cortical portion. The Malpighian
corpuscles lost their characteristic normal configuration and
exhibited clear features of damage. The glomerular tufts were
contracted and packed with RBCs.
Summary and conclusion
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Furthermore, the proximal (PCT) and distal convoluted
tubules (DCT) revealed marked degenerative changes within their
epithelial cells and necrotic changes in some areas were observed.
Moreover, some renal tubules reflected severe alterations
where the epithelium cells were replaced by flattened cells. Focal
areas of necrosis were also noticed.
In the GA group, showed vaculation in glomerular tuft and
persistence of degenerative alteration in proximal and distal
convoluted tubules.
In the VE group, showed the Bruch border of the proximal
convoluted tubules is eroded.
In mixture group, revealed minimal changes in the structure of
the kidney compared to normal ones. Both glomeruli and convoluted
tubules gained partial near to normal features.
Molecular studies:
Comet %
The control rats designated more or less constant figures
during the study period. On the other hand, in CNMA group a strong
elevation was realized in comet percent as compared with the control
group. A considerable improvement was observed in GA therapeutic
group in comet percent. Also, minimal improvement occurred in the
comet% of VE therapeutic group as compared with the control group.
On the other hand, strong improvement occurred in the comet % of
therapeutic rats by mixture of GA and VE.
Summary and conclusion
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Head diameter
The control rats designated more or less constant figures
during the study period. On the other hand, in CNMA group a strong
decrease was recorded in head diameter as compared with the
control group. A considerable improvement was observed in GA
therapeutic group. Also, minimal improvement occurred in the head
diameter of VE therapeutic group as compared with the control
group. On the other hand, strong improvement occurred in the head
diameter of therapeutic rats by mixture of GA and VE.
% DNA in head
The control rats designated more or less constant figures
during the study period. On the other hand, in CNMA group a strong
decrease was recorded in % DNA in head as compared with the
control group. A considerable improvement was observed in GA
therapeutic group. Also, minimal improvement occurred in % DNA
in head of VE therapeutic group as compared with the control group.
On the other hand, strong improvement occurred in % DNA in head
of therapeutic rats by mixture of GA and VE.
Tail length
The control rats designated more or less constant figures
during the study period. On the other hand, in CNMA group a strong
increase was recorded in tail length as compared with the control
group. A considerable improvement was observed in GA therapeutic
group in tail length. Also, minimal improvement occurred in tail
length of VE therapeutic group. On the other hand, strong
improvement occurred in tail length of therapeutic rats by mixture of
GA and VE as compared with the control group.
Summary and conclusion
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% DNA in tail
The control rats designated more or less constant figures
during the study period. On the other hand, in CNMA group a strong
increase was recorded in % DNA in tail. A considerable
improvement was observed in GA therapeutic group in % DNA in
tail. Also, minimal improvement occurred in % DNA in tail of VE
therapeutic group as compared with the control group. On the other
hand, strong improvement occurred in % DNA in tail of therapeutic
rats by mixture of GA and VE.
Tail moment
control rats designated more or less constant figures during the
study period. On the other hand, in CNMA group a strong increase
was recorded in tail moment as compared with the control group. A
considerable improvement was observed in GA therapeutic group in
tail moment. Also, minimal improvement occurred in tail moment of
VE therapeutic group. On the other hand, strong improvement
occurred in tail moment of therapeutic rats by mixture of GA and VE
as compared with the control group.
Conclusions:
It could be stated now that CNMA as a food additive has
serious noxious and deleterious impacts on the body organs, also
revealed that, CNMA produced oxidative stress and this was
associated with impairment in liver and kidney functions and tissue
architecture particularly when used for prolonged periods of time.
These impacts will be reflected in improper functioning, not only of
the liver and kidney, but also of the whole body in general.
Summary and conclusion
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Also, from the present findings that the previously reported
therapeutic effects of GA and VE against CNMA toxicity to liver
and kidney injury could also be exhibited when they are given orally
after exposure to CNMA.
In view of the findings of this study, it may be concluded that
GA and VE possess the ability to reverse CNMA induced liver and
kidney oxidative injury as well as to regulate the metabolic activities
and may be considered as therapeutic agent against CNMA induced
toxic effects.
In conclusion, there are numerous sources of free radicals that,
in excess, may have deleterious effects on the human body. This
study suggests that GA and VE have therapeutic effects on oxidative
stress caused hepatic and renal injury induced by overdose of
CNMA. The therapeutic effect of the mixture is more potent than
those of GA or VE only