الفهرس 
Nipple–areolar complex:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer entity affecting women living in western countries and poses a major challenge for ontological research. Breast cancer is responsible for approximately 15% of all female cancer deaths in western countries, representing the second leading cause of cancer related female death and affecting not only
elderly but many younger patients.In Egypt, it is the most common cancer among women,representing 38.8% of total cancer cases in women.Despite major progress in multimodality treatments,tumor recurrence has remained a major problem in the management of breast cancer. It is estimated that up to 35% of primary breast cancer patients after radical treatment will ultimately develop local relapse or distant metastasis Therefore, it is critical to detect and precisely restage recurrent cancer early in the follow-up of patients with breast cancer to differentiate local recurrence from distant metastasis to define proper therapeutic strategies and to increase the chance of a cure. To date, all guidelines suggest that the follow-up of asymptomatic breast cancer patients should only involve physical examination and annual mammography without other laboratory or imaging tests. In the
presence of suspicion of disease relapse, usually related to persistent elevation of tumor markers, suspicion on conventional imaging modalities, and/or suggestive clinical symptoms or physical examinations, it is recommended to proceed to further examinations,