الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chickpea (Cicerarietinum L.) and other pulse crops are staple foods in many countries and play an enhanced role in the diets of vegetarians around the world.of nitrogenase decreased, with high significant differences, at viral attack. Rhizobial inoculation had a positive effect on the increase in the number of active nodules, the reduction of the negative impact of the virus on nodule weight, and the high nodule content of leg-hemoglobin and nitrogenase activity.
Plants infected with the virus have yellowed and decreased and its leaf tissue content of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and chlorophyll A + B has decreased, while rhizobia has increased its greenness and increased its chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and chlorophyll A + B content.
Viral infection resulted in a decrease in the content of leaves, roots and seeds, and high in nodule content of total nitrogen. Rhizobial inoculation resulted in high content of leaves and seeds, and decreased in nodule content of total nitrogen.
Flower formation, fertilization, maturity, and reflections on the yield estimate have been reduced by the effect of viral infection. Plant bloom increased and fertilization rate and its maturity increased and thus increase the yield estimate at the rhizobial inoculation.
Mesorhizobial isolate (MS3All) surpassed isolation (MS8All) in the length and weight of the shoot, the leaf area, the roots length and weight, the number of nodules and the activity of nitrogen in it, and the total nitrogen in the leaves and seeds. The isolates (MS3All) and (MS8All) did not have a significant difference in plant apical tip weight, chlorophyll content, leg-hemoglobin content, number of flowers and pods, and yield estimate. Isolate (MS8All) excludes isolate (MS3All) in dry weight of nodules, and total nitrogen in roots and nodules.
The genotype (N.F Parents, F. 07-268) was characterized by the highest total nitrogen content in the seed. The genotype (N.F Parents, F. 07-44) is the largest size of the seed.
In the end, it is possible to say that the viral infection and the rhizobial inoculation, the effect of each in reducing the work of the other.
Results of this study can recommended the process of biofertilization of chickpeas with specialized root nodules to reduce the damage caused by viral infection and to increase the growth and yield of chickpeas.
Chickpea is cultivated in nearly 56 countries. Chickpea is a good source of energy, protein, minerals, vitamins, fibre, contributes importantly to soil fertility management by serving as a generous source of nitrogen. Chickpea obtains a significant proportion of its N requirement through symbiotic N fixation. Inoculation of chickpea with adequate number of rhizobia results in a significant increase in the number of nodules, nodule dry weight and N fixation.
Chickpea is grown as an intercrop or in rotation with other crops, cultivated over an area of 12.650 million hectares with a production of 12.093 million tonnes and an average productivity of 9560 Hg/Ha globally. It is cultivated over an area of 611 hectares, with a production of 1315 tonnes and an average productivity of 21532 Hg/Ha en Egypt.
Although the yield potential of chickpea varieties is high, the average yield realized is less than that. The gap between the potential and average yield is mainly due to diseases and poor management practices. Major diseases affecting chickpeas are insect, fungal and viral diseases. The chickpea yellow mosaic virus (CpYMV) is one of the potyvirus that cause yellow mosaic disease that causes the the decline of chickpea production in Egypt. Therefore, this study aimed to reduce the negative impact of plant viral disease of chickpeas yellow mosaic virus (CpYMV), using the rhizobial inoculations (mesorhizobia).
For this aim, One viral (CpYMV) and two Mesorhizobial isolates (MS3All, MS8All) are isolated from open-fields of chickpea plants. Three experimental lines (NF Parents: F.07-268, F.07-258 and F.07-44) and one Egyptian cultivar (Giza 195) are dual infected by CpYMV and either of MS3All or MS8All. Then, infected plants are grown in pots in open-air at the cultivation area of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain-Shams University (Shoubra).
A total of 24 treatments were generated as a combination between plant, bacteria and virus and laid out in three-stage nested design. The treatments were divided into two main plots (V0 and V1). The V1 plot expressed the viral application, while the V0 plot expressed the virus-free application (control). Each main plot (V) was subdivided into three subplots (M1, M2, and M0) each consisted of single bacterial applications. The (M1) subplot included the application of MS3All isolate. The M2 subplot included the application of MS8All isolate. The M0 subplot included the application of no bacterial infection (control). The four genotypes of chickpeas were then distributed as the experimental units (sub-sub-plots), where the genotypes NF.07-268, NF.07-258, NF.07-44 and the Egyptian cultivar (Giza 195) were denoted as Ch1, Ch2, Ch3 and Ch4; respectively. The experimental unit in this design is considered by the VxMxCh unit. The experiment used a total of six replicates. The experiment was repeated for two seasons (2015/16 and 2016/17).
The most important results of the statistical analysis obtained:
The viral infection had a significant negative effect on the shoot length, the knot at which branching starts, the number of internodes, the dry-weight of the shoot and plant apical tip, and the area of the plant leaf, compared to the healthy plants. While all previous indicators increased the effect of inoculation with chickpea rhizobia. The differences were insignificant in the number of branches, whether due to viral infection or rhizobial inoculation.
The root system parameters were negatively affected by the effect of viral infection, both root length and dry-weight. These indicators increased during rhizobial inoculation.
The number of nodules decreased, their weight increased from normal weight, their content of leg-hemoglobin decreased and the activity