الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Preoperative radiological investigation of choice was NCCT using low dose protocols to reduce radiation exposure. Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended and the procedure must be performed by an experienced team including endourologist, anesthiologist, nurses and technicians.
Percutaneous renal access is recommended to start at the posterior axillary line and enter the kidney through the top of a posterior calyx. Then dilatation of the tract is performed by many techniques as serial dilatation , single step technique and balloon dilation .
Intra-renal manipulations and lithotripsy should be performed in intelligent and delicate movements to achieve maximum stone clearance without high morbidity. Post-operative care and medications are as important as the operative steps.