الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nocturia is defined as the need to awaken ≥ 1 times per night to void. Although nocturia has been shown to be one of the most bothersome LUTS, nocturia has not received the clinical attention that it deserves. In spite of its prevalence underestimated, nocturia is in fact an extremely common condition that has considerable impact on quality of life and health outcomes, especially in the elderly. It can be caused by a variety of factors; the pathogenesis of nocturia is complex and sometimes multifactorial, involving several organ systems.
The increased mortality rate associated with nocturia was likely due to its association with impaired sleep, as well as the increased risk of falls and related fractures in patients with nocturia, especially elderly patients.
Nocturia is common among patients suffering from BPO or OAB and their nocturnal urinary frequency may be an extension of their daytime symptoms because of diminished bladder storage capacity.
History and physical examination are aimed at identifying medical conditions and medications that predispose to nocturia and which, if treated, may lead to resolution of the problem.
The treatment of nocturia divided into basic non pharmacological treatment beside pharmacological treatment, one of the most important drugs used to treat nocturia is desmopressin which has a level 1, grade A recommendation from the International Consultation on Incontinence and European Association of Urology for the treatment of nocturia.
Hyponatremia remains the only clinically relevant adverse effect reported with desmopressin, with the highest incidence in elderly patients and at higher dose levels and patients should be oriented by its warning symptoms that could be absent, mild or sever.
The incidence of hyponatraemia can be reduced by using minimum effective gender-specific dosing of desmopressin. A sodium monitoring plan is proposed whereby baseline sodium must be ≥135 mEq/L (especially important in the elderly), in addition to careful medical history taking and concomitant medications.