الفهرس 
Chapter 1 : Introduction and literature survey
Pure waterOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study aims to use a special kind of bioactive glass ceramic in the water treatment process. Hench modified bioactive glass ceramic was specifically utilized after the complete replacement of silica with borate. Two types of modified bioactive glass ceramic were prepared 45S5 and 46S5.2 without silver and also prepared after adding 0.1 g of silver nitrate. Two types of organic and inorganic dyes, namely methylene blue and copper chloride dihydrate, were also prepared.The characterization techniques for ceramic sample were performed such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was employed to ensure that silver addition reaches to nanoscale.The prepared glass ceramic samples were used in the form of powder and also as a bulk in the purification process. A number of concentrations were prepared for both methylene blue and copper chloride dihydrate solutions. The ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) of these solutions was carried out for estimating a calibration curve to calculate the unknown concentrations during the purification process by knowing the absorbance.The actual purification process was done using four samples 45S5 and 46S5.2 with and without the addition of silver. These samples were immersed in methylene blue solutions with concentrations of (10, 8 and 6) ppm and also in copper chloride dihydrate solutions with concentrations of (0.1, 0.08, 0.05 and 0.029) molars to complete the purification process at intervals of times (0, 2, 4, 8 and16) hours.The results of ultraviolet spectroscopy shows higher purification rate in the first four hours of the purification process and after that, relative stability occurs. It has also been shown that the efficiency of purification processes is also higher in the case of small concentrations than in large concentrations. The uptake capacity qa (mg/g) and the percentage removal (%) of the pollutant were also calculated. 46S5.2 borate glass ceramic sample containing silver nanoparticles proved the highest effectiveness in the purification process among all samples with efficiency of up to 100% in small concentrations in the case of copper chloride dihydrate. In the case of methylene blue, the highest efficiency was 28 %.Prepared glass ceramic samples were also tested before and after immersion in both methylene blue and copper chloride dihydrate using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to confirm the adsorption of dyes on the surface of the prepared samples. The elemental analysis of the sample was also done using EDX to determine the ratios of elements of the samples after the immersion and to ensure that pollutants were adsorbed or not. Antimicrobial activity was also tested for the prepared samples using four types of microbes: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. There is an ability to use the same samples more than one time (reusability test) against the four microbes till to six times with a reasonable activity.