الفهرس 
Insect StrainsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodopteralittoralis is one of the most
important insect pests affecting the cotton crop mainly as well as many field
crops. In Egypt and many countries of the world it usually occurs early in
mid-May and lasts through early August every year. The pest control methods
in Egypt depend on the manual purity of the egg masses at the beginning of
the season. As the infection intensifies, the periodic spraying program follows
traditional pesticides, which include many compounds that fall under the
known main groups of pesticides:
Organophosphates, Carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, as well as some
traditional pesticides, which differ in their toxic effect from traditional
pesticides, and include insect growth regulators (such as Natural Biological
Pesticides), and biocides of both bacterial and fungal origin. The excessive use
of many of these pesticides, in addition to the high doses used annually, has
been followed by the development of resistant field strains of most of these
pesticides in most cotton fields in different governorates of Egypt.
This has led to the development of many pest control programs in
cotton fields in Egypt. There are some control programs followed by cotton
fields in some countries of the world to control insect pests, similar to
Egyptian cotton leafworm. The success of these programs depends on several
factors: rationalization of the repeated use of pesticides so that it is in a
sequence between pesticides under different groups. Or in mixtures.