الفهرس 
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Abstract
6. SUMMARY
Camel’s milk is closer to human’s milk than any other milk. Camel’s milk has a unique composition that differs from other ruminants’ milk. It contains lower fat, cholesterol, and lactose than cow’s milk, higher minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, copper, zinc, and potassium) and vitamins (A, B₂, E, and C) compared to cow’s milk, Furthermore, camel’s milk contains high level of highly bioavailable GABA that is an important inhibitory neurotransmitters in brain, inhibits beta endorphin secretion from anterior pituitary, has a role in regulation of GnRH neurons and inhibits acetylcholine release in rat neuromuscular junction. Camel’s milk has a great effect on reproduction in male rats. Camel’s milk has antioxidant properties this is due to it contains several antioxidant vitamins in high concentrations such as vitamin B₂, C, E and A and very rich in many trace elements e.g., magnesium and zinc. The present study was conducted to determine the following:
1. Effects of camel’s milk on some aspects of brain activity and anxiety- like behavior in rats.
2. Effects of camel’s milk on some aspects of brain activity and anxiety- like behavior of stressed male rats.
3. Effects of camel’s milk on some aspects of reproductive functions in male rats.
4. Effects of camel’s milk on puberty in one month old male and female rats.
Four main experiments were carried out:-
Experiment I:
The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of camel’s milk on some aspects of brain activity and anxiety- like behavior in rats.
Fourty adult 6 months old age male rats were allocated into 4 groups (10 rats / group). Treatment regimens were conducted for 2 months by gastric gavage. The Control intact adult male rats received (1 ml saline / kg BW). The 2nd group Intact adult male rats received camel’s milk (1ml /kg BW). The 3rd group control bilateral chemically castrated adult male rats by a single intratesticular injection of Cacl₂ (40 mg/testis/ 100 g B W) and received (1 ml saline / kg BW). The 4th group Bilateral chemically castrated adult male rats by a single intratesticular injection of Cacl₂ (40 mg/testis/ 100 g B W) and received camel’s milk (1 ml / kg BW). At days 30 and 60 each rat was put in the center of EPM to record the anxiety- like behavior within 5 minutes.
At the end of the experiment rats (5 from each group) were anaesthetized with ether for blood sampling then killed and sera were collected for biochemical and oxidative markers. Brains were collected and used for estimation of oxidative stress markers, enzymes and trace elements. Results showed camel’s milk has beneficial effects on nervous system and brain activity by significantly improvement anxiety-like behavior, increasing serum and brain GSH, SOD activities and significantly decrease the lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) and improvement in the brain mineral levels like Se, Zn and Mn.
Experiment II:
The aim of experiment II was to show the effects of camel’s milk on some aspects of reproductive functions in male rats.
Twenty adult 6 months old age male and twenty adult 6 months old female rats were used in this experiment. Male rats were allocated into 2 equal groups (10 rats / group). Treatment regimens were conducted for 2 months by gastric gavage. The control group received (1 ml saline / kg BW). The 2nd group received camel’s milk (1ml /kg BW) At the end of the 2 months male rats from control and treated groups were allowed to undergo monogamous pair mating. Individual males from each group mated with one previously proven fertile female. Pregnancy was confirmed through vaginal smear test that revealed presence of estrus cornified cell and rat sperms (first day of pregnancy) and pregnant rats were separated and placed in individual breeding cages, 7 days before expected day of parturition and the number of pregnant females was estimated in relation to the total number of the females used in the experiment to calculate the conception rate. After delivery of each pregnant female, pups were collected and counted to calculate the litter size.
After twenty four hours from the end of the test period, rats were anaesthetized with ether for blood sampling then killed and sera were collected for testosterone. Epididymis was used for sperm analysis. Testes were used for oxidative enzymes, testosterone measurement and histological examination. Results showed that camel’s milk has beneficial effects on reproduction by significantly increasing sperm motility, sperm concentration, % of alive sperms, high density of spermatozoa inside the seminiferous tubules, serum testosterone, testicular testosterone, testicular GSH and SOD activity and conception rate; while the sperm abnormality sperms and testicular malondialdahyde (MDA) were significantly decreased.
Experiment III:
The aim of experiment III was to study the effects of camel’s milk on the puberty in one month old male and female rats.
Twenty one month aged weaned male and female rats were used in this experiment were allocated into 2 equal groups (10 rats / group). Treatment regimens were conducted for 1 month by gastric gavage. The control group (n=10) (5 males + 5 females) were received (1 ml saline / rat). The 2nd treated group (n=10) (5 males + 5 females) were received camel’s milk (1ml / rat), treatment was conducted for 1 month by gastric gavage. After twenty four hours from the last treatment; rats were anaesthetized with ether for blood sampling then killed and. sera were collected for testosterone in males, estrogen and progesterone determination in females. Testes were used for testosterone measurement and histological examination. Ovaries and uteri were used for histological examination. Results showed that camel’s milk has beneficial effects on reproduction and improvement the maturityin male rats by significantly increasing serum testicular testosterone, diameter and thickness of seminiferous tubules and in female rats by increase serum estrogen and progesterone, a significant improvement of ovarian follicles and increase the number of uterine glands.
Experiment IV:
The aim of experiment IV was to study the effects of camel’s milk on some aspects of brain activity and anxiety- like behavior of stressed male rats in comparison with the effect of nano zinc.
Thirty adult 6 months old age male rats were allocated into 6 groups. Treatment regimens were conducted for 1months. The 1st group was control non stressed group given a daily dose of (1 ml saline / Kg B W) by gastric gavage. The 2nd group was given camel’s milk non stressed group received a daily dose of camel’s milk (1ml/ kg B W./rat) by gastric gavage. The 3rd group was nanozinc non stressed group injected with a daily dose of 1ml physiological saline containing 0.5 mg nZn / kg B W. I/P . The 4th group was control immobilized stressed group injected with a daily dose of 1 ml saline / rat I/P. The 5th group immobilized stressed group received a daily dose of camel’s milk (1ml / kg B W /rat) by gastric gavage. The 6th group was immobilized stressed group injected with daily 1 ml physiological saline containing 0.5 mg nZn / kg B W. I/P.
At the days 15 and 30 each rat was put in the center of EPM and recorded the anxiety –like behavior within 5 minutes; also at the day 5, 15 and 30 each rat was put in the OPM and recorded the behavior and anxiety within 5 minutes. After twenty four hours from the last treatment and the last trials on both EPM and OFM, rats were anaesthetized with ether for blood sampling then killed and sera were collected for determination of enzymes activity (ALP, LDH and CK), antioxidant markers (GSH and SOD) and lipid peroxidation marker (MDA). Brains were used for trace elements determination. Results showed that camel’s milk has beneficial effects on nervous system and anxiety like behavior compared to nanozinc, also significantly improved the oxidative stress markers through the increase of GSH and SOD levels and significant increase in trace elements levels of Se, Zn and Mn; while, decreased serum and brain MDA , ALP and CK levels.
The present study provided evidence which support the following:-
1. Camel’s milk has some beneficial effects on brain activity and anxiety behavior in mature male rats.
2. Camel’s milk has some beneficial effects nervous system of stressed male rats and improve the anxiety -like behavior in comparison with nanozinc.
3. Camel’s milk has some beneficial effects on male reproduction.
4. Camel’s milk improve puberty in one month old male and female rats.
from the findings of the present study it can be concluded that camel’s milk is ’a super food’ and it is a powerful antioxidant. Camel’s milk administration is recommended to improve many neural aspects in mature male rats and also, improve anxiety - like behavior and brain activity in stressed male rats, Besides, camel’s milk administration improves many reproductive aspects in both mature male and female rats and it gives better results in improvement the sexual maturation in both immature male and female rats. Generally, camel’s milk administration is recommended over the other ruminants’ milk to improve the health and also, to alleviates many toxicities through its antioxidant properties.