الفهرس 
Sources of Water SupplyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The thesis is discussing water as an essential element in the daily life of the ancient Egyptians from the New Kingdom till the end of the Pharaonic period. It is classified into two parts; documentation and analytical study: • The documentation: The documentation is classified into four chapters; the first one is illustrating the main sources of water supply. It is divided into two main parts. The first section is documenting the archeological evidence of water sources which is internally classified into four sections that are demonstrating the archeological evidence of water sources in villages, workmen villages, temples as well as fortresses and desert routes. The second part of the chapter is illustrating the survived texts that designate digging of wells and mention different sources of water. This textual evidence of water supply comes from different sources; papyri, ostraca, stelae, temples and fortresses. The second chapter is divided into three parts. The first one is documenting the means that were used in ancient Egypt to lift water as witnessed in tomb scenes. The second section is illustrating the means of water delivery which is assured by two types of evidences; archeological and textual. The former is composed of set of wall scenes that show the means of water delivery as well as actual utensils used by water carriers. Textual sources that mention the means of water delivery could be attested in different ostraca. The third part of the second chapter is documenting the sources which show the means of water drinking. This is attested in tomb scenes and in workmen villages. As for the third chapter, it is documenting the sources that illustrate the sanitary installations and drainage systems and classified into three parts. The first one is concerned with the hygienic items; close-stools and latrine seats. While the second section is dealing with the sanitary installations; bathing slabs, bathing basins and bathrooms as attested in the houses in workmen villages as well as temples and royal palaces. The third part of the chapter is documenting the different types of water drainage. They are classified into three main types; water pipes and pottery drainage, water spouts as well as roof drainage. The fourth chapter is documenting the several applications and practices that involved the usage of water. The utensils included Nilometers that were found in temples and water clocks “Clepsydrae”. As for the 2 practices that entailed the usage of water and documented in the second section of the chapter, they are attested in tomb scenes and included; laundry and brick making. • The Analytical Study: The analytical study of the thesis is concerned with the study of the documented examples of the first part of the thesis. It is classified into four parts. The first one is analyzing the different types of water supply in ancient Egypt from the time of the New Kingdom till the end of the Pharaonic era as attested by the actual archeological presence of wells and the texts mentioning them with their various types. This section is internally divided into two categories; the supply of water to the cities located in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley and the supply of water to the marginal places, which located far from the Nile or in isolated regions. The second part of the analysis is studying the means of plantation and gardening. As for the third part of the analysis, it is studying the means of water distribution, lifting, and transportation. The study is focusing on the texts as well as scenes and items illustrated in the documentation that show how the ancient Egyptians have used water in their daily water practices. The last section of the analysis is concerned with the daily life practices that involved the usage of water. This division included the study of the means of water drinking as attested in the documentation. In addition, it highlights how the ancient Egyptians had adapted with hygiene and drainage in their buildings as well as secured their share of water essential to laundry and some types of manufactures. The last section studies the applications that involved the usage of water. The conclusions are added in the end of the research and they are summing up all the studied documents and their analysis. An appendix is included in the end of the thesis. It groups all the terminology that was used in ancient Egyptian language as to refer to water.