الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) affects over 13 million people per
year globally, and results in 1.7 million deaths1,2. AKI is diagnosed in
up to 20% of hospitalized patients3 and in 30–60% of critically ill
patients(4,5,6,7). It is the most frequent cause of organ dysfunction in
intensive care units (ICUs) and the occurrence of even mild AKI is
associated with a 50% higher risk of death8. AKI results in a
significant burden for the society in terms of health resource use
during the acute phase, and the potential long-term sequelae including
development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney
failure(9,10,11,12).
Four in five cases of AKI occur in the developing world(1,2).
Geographical, etiological, cultural, and economic reasons may
underlie potential disparities in the risk of AKI between and within
higher and lower income countries. In developing countries, the risk
of AKI varies between urban and rural areas, by season and cultural
mores, and according to the distribution of infectious agents. The risk
and prognosis of AKI vary with the availability of transportation
services and health care resources, including medications, equipment,
trained personnel, and dialysis facilities(13,14). The International
Society of Nephrology has called the nephrology and the broader
health care community to work collaboratively to develop effective
programs to stem the tide of preventable deaths due to untreated AKI
in developing countries. The ―0 by 25‖ initiative has been launched
with a goal that no one should die of untreated AKI by 202515. One
major barrier to these initiatives is the limited information about the
epidemiology of AKI in developing countries(3,16). Accurate
estimates of the risk of AKI and factors affecting AKI-related