الفهرس 
Introduction
Chapter (1): Incidence & epidemiology of RCCOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common solid lesion within the kidney and accounts for approximately 90% of all kidney malignancies, RCC represents 2–3% of all cancers, and it is now the 7th leading cancer type in men in the US & there is a 1.5:1 predominance in men over women,with peak incidence occurring between 60 and 70 year of age. (Siegel et al.,2016)
Incidence of kidney cancer has been increasing in recent decades worldwide,and the increase in incidence is likely due in part to increased diagnosis related to use of imaging technologies & increased prevalence of risk factors for kidney cancer including : smoking, obesity, hypertension , diabetes, analgesic Use, reproductive Factors and end-stage renal disease on long-term dialysis. (Breda et al., 2015 , Zhang et al., 2014& Patel et al., 2015)
The etiology of most RCCs remains unclear, Approximately 2–4% of RCC is hereditary, individuals with a family history of RCC in a first degree relative have a 2-fold increased risk of developing RCC themselves, and Genes relating to Familial RCC syndromes are : VHL, c-Met, FH, FLCN, TSC 1&2 , PBRM1, SETD2, and BAP1. (Su et al., 2015)
Currently, more than 50% of RCCs are detected incidentally at early stages ,but many patients with small renal masses remain asymptomatic until the late stages of the disease , where they present with the classic triad of flank pain, gross haematuria, and a palpable abdominal mass. (Shuch et al., 2014)
Paraneoplastic syndromes are found in approximately 30% of patients with symptomatic RCCs and a few patients present with symptoms caused by metastatic RCC. (Shuch et al., 2014)
Prior to computed tomography (CT), renal masses were diagnosed with intravenous pyelogram or renal arteriography, the traditional approaches now for detecting and characterizing renal masses are US, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and several studies have confirmed that PET has a more variable and overall poorer diagnostic accuracy in detecting RCC than CT . (Lopes et al., 2017)
The Goal of Imaging is to differentiate solid from cystic masses , benign from malignant lesions and to show biological aggressiveness of the tumour & to aid surgical treatment and decision-making. (Nisen et al., 2014)
Most renal masses can be diagnosed accurately using imaging alone & the histological diagnosis in RCC is established after surgical removal of renal masses ,but percutaneous needle renal tumour biopsies ,if clinically indicated, are used for histological diagnosis of radiologically indeterminate small renal masses and guide active surveillance ,cryosurgery and radiofrequency strategies. (Volpe et al., 2012).