الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 238 |  |  |
| | | from | 238 | | |
Abstract
With the projected increase in the production of heavy oil, the transportation issues are likely to come to the forefront. The occurrence of asphaltene association in heavy oil is a contributing factor in high viscosity of heavy oils. The global asphaltene aggregates is formed by asphaltene self-association that can precipitate as a result of change in temperature, pressure and oil compositions. Precipitated asphaltenes on the inner walls of pipelines reduces the effective transportation volume and increasing the pressure drop. Thereby, inhibition of asphaltene association will improve the efficiency of heavy oil transportation significantly. It is therefore worthwhile to look at ways of supplementing the role of emulsion with other methods of viscosity reduction.
The most important problem for handling heavy oils is high viscosity due to the presence of the asphaltenes. Once the volume fraction of asphaltenes exceeds a critical the viscosity will rapidly increase. The reason for this is the intermolecular interactions between the asphaltene molecules. The exact nature of such interactions is not known so far, however it is thought to involve entanglement of attached hydrocarbon chains and weak bonding between the polar parts of the asphaltene molecules. The problem can be bridged by inhibiting asphaltene association; hence asphaltene difficulties in heavy oil transportation can be eliminated. This thesis relates to synthesis firstly of benzoxazines and polybenzoxazines derivatives as new types of asphaltene dispersants. Secondly, synthesis of water-soluble surfactants to be used as emulsifier of oil in water emulsion. The prepared compounds were characterized by critical micelle concentration (CMC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR).
The prepared materials (NPHA, NPHD, P-NPHA & P-NPHD) were evaluated as asphaltene dispersants. The asphaltene precipitation onset was determined using viscometric method and UV-vis spectroscopy method. The order of effectivness is P-NPHA > P-NPHD > NPHA > NPHD, which is in a good agreement with the quantum chemical calculations. APEG3500, APEG6000, DPEG3500, AEO & DEO surfactants were evaluated as o/w emulsifiers using viscosity measurements and microscopic images.
A pipeline for transportation of heavy crude oil emulsions after phase change from W/O to O/W emulsion using the prepared materials was designed and established in order to reduce the used pumping pressure.