الفهرس 
Introduction
Copper toxicodynamicsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Copper nano particles (CuNPs) are widely used in various industrial and commercial applications. In recent years, scientific research on nanoparticles (NPs) has shown a tremendous and rapid growth owing to their wide applications in various fields, including electronics, cosmetics, food industry, and medicine.Many studies conducted to assess the potential toxic effects of NPs, have suggested that some of these may pose risks to male reproductive health by altering normal testis structure, spermatogenesis and sperm quality, and sex hormone levels. So, copper nano particles toxicity and treatment represented an important area of attention, specially by using of antioxidants to ameliorate the oxidative damage resulted from excessive nano particles exposure.
In the light of the previous observation, the present work was conducted to study:-
• The effect of sub chronic exposure to copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on male reproductive system in albino rats.
•To compare between the effect of copper nano particles and copper sulphate pentahyderate on male reproductive system.
• Evaluate the ameliorative effect of some antioxidants against the sub chronic copper sulphate and copper nano particles toxicity.
. In the present study one hundred and thirty five male Sprague Dawely rats were divided into nine groups of 15 animals each:-
group (1):- Rats received distilled water orally as a control group
group (2) Rats received copper sulphate pentahyderate solution in distilled water orally in a dosage of 30 mg/kg bw (it constitutes 1/10 of oral LD50) orally in tubated by gavage day by day for 3 months.
group (3) Rats received copper sulphate pentahydrate via oral gavage in a dose of 30 mg/ kg.bwt plus vitamin E and selenium in a concentration of 1ml/L.in drinking water for 3 months
group (4) Rats received copper sulphate pentahydrate in a dosage of 30 mg/ kg.bwt plus L-carnitine in a dose of 100 mg/kg via oral gavage for 3 months
group (5) Rats received copper nano particles suspension solution in distilled water orally in a dose of 40 mg/kg bwt (1/10 of LD50) for 3 months group (6) Rats received copper nano particles suspension solution in distilled water orally in a dose of 40 mg/kg bwt (1/10 of LD50) plus vitamin E and selenium in a concentration of 1ml/L.in drinking water for 3 months
group (7) Rats received copper nano particles suspension solution in distilled water orally in a dose of 40 mg/kg bwt (1/10 of LD50) plus L-carnitine in a dose of 100 mg/kg via oral gavage for 3 months
group (8) Rats received Vitamin E and selenium in a concentration of 1ml/L.in drinking water for 3 months,
group (9) Rats received L-carnitine in a dose of 100 mg/kg.via oral gavage for 3 months.
Rats were exposed to chemicals day by day for three months.
Five rats from each group were taken for three time intervals after 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months. Blood samples were collected from medial canthus of orbital cavity of rats in vacutainer tubes without anticoagulant to obtain serum after centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 30 minutes for hormonal estimation.
Rats were scarified by after anesthesia for tissue samples collection. Testes, epididymis are collected from each rat. Pieces of testes preserved at -20ºC after scarified for testes homogenate preparation and oxidative stress analysis.
The obtained results revealed that body weight of rats showed no significant changes in G3,G4,G6,G7,G8,G9 in comparison with control group while G2,G5 showed a significant decrease on body weight in 1st, 2th month of exposure in comparison with control group.
Both ionic and nano copper intoxicated groups showed significant increase in activity of SOD and LPO concentration in testis homogenate in 1st, 2th month of exposure in comparison with control group .
While concurrent oral administration of L- carnitine or vitamin E& selenium with both copper compounds induce amelioration of altered parameters to be near that of the control group.
Testosterone hormone in the serum of adult male rats showed a significant decrease in G2 and highly significant decrease in G5 in the 1th, month in comparison with control group. In G3, G4, G6, G7, G8 and G9 showed no significant changes in comparison with control group
FSH hormone in the serum of adult male rats showed a significant decrease in G2 and G5 in the 1st, 2nd, month in comparison with control group. In G3, G4, G6, G7, G8 and G9 showed no significant changes in comparison with control group.
LH hormone in the serum of adult male rats showed a significant decrease in in LH level in serum in (G2, G5) of 1st, 2nd month of exposure in comparison with control group. While no significant change in the 3rd month. In G3, G4, G6, G7, G8 and G9 showed no significant changes in comparison with control group.
Sperm morphology percent with alkaline methyl violet stain showed non-significant changes in all exposed groups during the whole period of experiment in comparison with control group. It is worth to note that, there is a few number of abnormal sperms within normal range appeared with, tail less, flat head and bent neck in different groups of experiment.
Sperm viability percent on G2, G5 showed a significant decrease in sperm viability after 1st, 2rd, 3th, months in comparison with control group. While in G3, G4, G6, and G7 showed a significant increase in viability in comparison with G2, G5 While G8, and G9 showed amelioration in the viability to be near that of the control group. The dead sperm represented with pink head and a live sperm represented with unstained head.
DNA integrity percent of sperms showed non-significant changes in different exposed groups during the whole period of the experiment in comparison with control group.
It could be concluded that the exposure of male albino rats to copper nano particles and copper sulphate result in biochemical and hormonal changes. While concurrent oral administration of L-carnitine or vitamin E& selenium were lead to ameliorative effects against copper induced testicular toxicity through their antioxidant property and via the reduction of testicular oxidative stress (SOD activity and LPO content with subsequent improvement in sperm morphology and sperm viability. Therfore, this study suggested that adjustment the dosages in all copper applications in the field and regular use of antioxidants as feed supplements in livestock and poultry industry to protect against environmental pollutants .