الفهرس 
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Abstract
Injury response in the mammalians occurs in three distinct phases (Singer and Clark, 1999). The initial inflammatory phase occurs immediately following insult includes coagulation cascade activation, fibrin deposition, and macrophages and neutrophils infiltration (Clark et al., 1982). Following this, the proliferative phase is defined by angiogenesis, proliferation and differentiation of fibroblast (Witte and Barbul, 1997; Nissen et al., 1998). Finally, in the remodeling phase, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts deposit extracellular matrix rich in collagen that will ultimately become a scar that replaces the injured functional tissue (Fig. 3).
In response to chronic tissue damage, fibroblasts are ECM-producing cells, undergo activation distinguished by proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts, which are the main effector cells of fibrosis (Hinz et al., 2007). This activation is regulated by mainy factors including cytokines, growth factors, and oxidative sress (OS) products (Rieder and Fiocchi 2008; Powell et al., 1999). Uncontrolled fibrosis can further developed into cirrhosis. In contrast with the traditional idea that cirrhosis is an irreversible state, there is solid evidence indicating that fibrosis even cirrhosis could be reversible (Ellis and Mann, 2012).