الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
One of the major responsibilities of the anesthesiologist is to provide adequate ventilation to the patient. The most vital element in providing adequate ventilation is the airway. Through a secured airway, the anesthiologist can maintain adequate gas exchange, whereas failure to maintain a patent airway for more than few minutes can result in brain damage and hence death. Management of the airway has come a long way since the development of endotracheal intubation by MacEwan in 1880 to present day use of modern and sophisticated devices.Endotracheal intubation is still the gold standard in airway care and provides the highest level of protection against vomiting and regurgitation and from upper airway and maxillofacial hemorrhage.Airway instrumentation with a metal laryngoscope blade and the insertion of a stiff endotracheal tube often traumatize delicate airway tissues leading to mucosal injury. This can lead to complications ranging from sore throat and hoarseness of voice to tracheal stenosis as well as vocal cord trauma and tracheal perforation.Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a common complication of general anaesthesia. The incidence is highest after tracheal intubation. POST contributes to postoperative morbidity and patient dissatisfaction and can delay the return to routine activities. POST had been rated by patients as the eighth most common adverse effect in the postoperative period. It can be associated with cough and hoarseness of voice.Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological trials have been used for attenuating POST, cough and hoarseness of voice with variable success.Among the non-pharmacological methods: smaller sized endotracheal tubes, lubricating the endotracheal tube with water soluble jelly, careful airway instrumentation, intubation after full relaxation, gentle pharyngeal suctioning and minimizing intra-cuff pressure.Among the pharmacological methods: ketamine gargling, sodium azulene sulfonate, cinchocaine jelly, licorice and aspirin gargle and the use of topical and systemic lidocaine.This work aimed to compare the effectiveness of pre-operative dexamethasone gel and dexamethasone IV for prevention of postoperative sore throat, cough & hoarseness of voice after oral endotracheal intubation.The present study was carried out in Alexandria Main University Hospital on 60 ASA I-II adult male patients aged between 20-50 years old, undergoing elective inguinoscrotal hernia under general anaesthesia with profound muscle relaxation and controlled ventilation by endotracheal intubation, allocated to one of three groups; group I received dexamethasone gel applied on ETT, group II received 8mg of dexamethasone IV 10 mins before induction and group III received KLY gel on ETT