الفهرس 
Cover Page Title in EnglishOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 150 |  |  |
| | | from | 150 | | |
Abstract
This work was carried out at Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University to investigate the effect of dietary replacement of inorganic copper and zinc by lower levels of organic or nano sources on production performance, egg quality, immune response, some blood parameters and carcass quality of Isa Brown laying hens.
In the first experiment, two hundred of 55 weeks old Isa Brown laying hens obtained from a local trade Company were used in this trial. The hens were weighted separately and randomly allotted into 5 separate groups (40 laying hens per each group). Basal diet formulated with inorganic copper oxide (8mg/kg diet) supplementation to meet 100% of the catalogue of breed recommendation and consider as control, while the other four treatment inorganic copper replaced by organic copper or nano copper source at two concentrations (100%, 50%) of The Catalogue of breed recommendation. In the second experiment, the same design was used with replacing the copper by zinc at 60 or 30mg/kg diet.
The experimental design for copper experiment (experiment 1)
Groups No. Experimental diet Inorganic copper concentration Organic copper concentration Nano-copper concentration
1 Basal diet 8 ppm -- --
2 ’’’’’ -- 8 ppm --
3 ’’’’’ -- 4 ppm --
4 ’’’’’ -- -- 8 ppm
5 ’’’’’ -- -- 4 ppm
The experimental design for zinc experiment (experiment II)
Groups No. Experimental diet Inorganic zinc concentration Organic zinc concentration Nano-zinc concentration
1 Basal diet 60 ppm -- --
2 ’’’’’ -- 60 ppm --
3 ’’’’’ -- 30 ppm --
4 ’’’’’ -- -- 60 ppm
5 ’’’’’ -- -- 30 ppm
The obtained results are summarized in the following:
Experiment 1:
• It was observed that, Replacement of inorganic copper by 8 or 4mg of organic copper/kg diet non-significantly increased body losses of laying hens throughout whole experimental periods, while replacement by 8 or 4mg of nano copper/kg diet significantly increased body losses of laying hens throughout whole experimental periods.
• Replacement of inorganic copper by 8mg of organic copper/kg had no significant effect on egg weight (EW), while using 4mg of organic copper/kg diet significantly increased average EW throughout whole experimental period.
• Nano copper supplementation in laying hens diet significantly reduced egg weight compared with group fed on diet supplemented by organic copper.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper (8 or 4mg/kg diet) non-significantly improved average egg production% throughout whole experimental periods by about 2.9%, 1.7% and 6.4% or 5.5% respectively compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet supplemented by 8mg of inorganic copper/kg diet
• Replacement of inorganic copper by 8 or 4mg of organic or nano copper/kg diet had no significant effect on average egg mass throughout the whole experimental periods.
• Both levels supplementation of nano copper non-significantly improved average FCR throughout the whole experimental periods by about 0.5% compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet with inorganic copper supplementation.
• It was observed that, nano copper supplementation (8 or 4mg/kg diet) non-significantly improved average FCR throughout the whole experimental periods by about 0.9% and 0.5% respectively, compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet with supplementation of same level of copper from organic source.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper in laying hens ration had no significant effect on egg shape index throughout different experimental periods.
• Supplementation of organic copper (8 or 4mg/kg diet) or nano copper (8 or 4mg/kg diet) increased average shell weight throughout the whole experimental periods by about 3.7%, 0.6%, 3.0% and 9.4% respectively.
• Organic or Nano copper particles supplementation (8 or 4mg/kg diet) increased average egg shell thickness throughout the whole experimental periods.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper (8 or 4mg/kg diet) instead of inorganic copper oxide (8mg/kg diet) had no significant effect on shell moisture%, organic matter% and fat%, while non-significantly increased shell ash, protein, calcium and phosphorus% at 61th and 65th weeks of hens age.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper (8 or 4mg/kg diet) reduced egg yolk cholesterol by about (13.4% and 11.3%) and (3.8% and 22.1%) respectively, compared with hens fed on the basal diet supplemented by inorganic copper.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper (8 or 4mg/kg diet) instead of inorganic copper increased RBCs and WBCs counts.
• At the end of the trial (65th week of hen’s age) organic or nano copper supplementation significantly improved antibody titer against avian influenza disease vaccine while, non-significantly improved antibody production against New castle disease vaccine compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet supplemented by inorganic copper.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper in laying hens ration instead of inorganic copper non-significantly improved phagocytic activity and index except higher supplementation level of nano copper particles (8mg/kg diet) non-significantly reduced phagocytic activity and index.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper at 8 or 4mg/kg diet had no significant effect on different leukocytic count% compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet supplemented by inorganic copper.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper at 8 or 4mg/kg diet had no significant effect on serum glucose, calcium and phosphorus concentrations in laying hens while, increased serum copper concentration by about 8.3% 19.0%, 21.4% and 23.8% respectively compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet supplemented by inorganic copper.
• Organic or nano copper supplementation instead of inorganic copper in laying hens ration increased serum HDL and decreased serum LDL concentrations.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper in laying hens ration instead of inorganic copper significantly increased heart, gizzard, proventriculus, kidney and abdominal fat weight or relative weight.
• Organic or nano copper supplementation in laying hens ration instead of inorganic source had no significant effect on liver fat content.
• Supplementation of organic or nano copper in laying hens ration instead of inorganic copper non-significantly increased ileum content pH.
• Organic or nano copper supplementation instead of inorganic copper source had no clear effect on ileum content moisture%, DM% and viscosity.
• Replacement of inorganic copper by 8mg of organic copper/kg diet in laying hens ration reduced thickness and ileum villi length as well as showed slight necrotic enteritis with moderate lymphoid depletion, however supplementation of lower organic copper level (4mg/kg diet) instead of inorganic source improved villi length.
Experiment 2:
• It was observed that replacement of inorganic zinc by 60mg of organic zinc or by 30mg of ZnO nanoparticles/kg diet significantly reduced body weight losses during production periods by about 40.1% and 51.2% respectively compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet supplemented by of inorganic zinc.
• The present study revealed that replacement of inorganic zinc by lower levels of organic zinc or ZnO nanoparticles had no significant effect on egg weight of laying hens.
• Nano zinc supplementation (60 or 30mg/kg diet) instead of inorganic zinc in laying ration significantly increased average egg production% throughout whole experimental periods by about 2.7% and 3.7%, respectively.
• Organic zinc supplementation at 60 or 30 mg/kg diet increased egg production% by about 2.6% and 2.2% respectively compared with laying hens group fed on same level of supplemented zinc from nano source.
• Nano zinc supplementation (60 or 30mg/kg diet) instead of inorganic zinc in laying ration non-significantly increased average egg mass throughout the whole experimental periods by about 1.9% and 2.5% respectively.
• Supplementation of organic zinc at 60 or 30mg/kg diet increased average egg mass of laying hens throughout the whole experimental periods by about 3.0% and 2.5% respectively, compared with laying hens group fed on same level of supplemented zinc from nano source.
• It was observed that supplementation of organic zinc at 60 or 30mg/kg diet and supplementation of 30mg of nano zinc/kg diet significantly (P<0.05) improved average FCR throughout the whole experimental periods by about 4.9%, 4.9% and 2.7% respectively, while high supplementation of nano zinc oxide particles (60mg/kg diet) non-significantly (P≥0.05) improved average FCR throughout the whole experimental periods by about 2.2% compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet supplemented by 60mg of inorganic zinc/kg diet.
• Supplementation of organic zinc at 60 or 30mg/kg diet non-significantly (P≥0.05) improved average FCR of laying hens throughout the whole experimental periods by about 2.7% and 2.3% respectively, compared with laying hens group fed on same level of supplemented zinc from nano source.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc in laying ration at 60 or 30mg/kg diet instead of inorganic zinc in laying ration had no significant effect on egg shape index during 1st, 2nd or 3rd experimental period and numerically improved at 4th and 5th experimental periods.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc at 60 or 30mg/kg diet instead of inorganic zinc in laying hens ration non-significantly increased average shell weight throughout the whole experimental periods by about (1.9% and 7.7%) and (5.5% and 3.4%) respectively.
• Organic or nano zinc supplementation instead of inorganic source had no significant effect on average shell thickness throughout the whole experimental periods.
• Organic zinc supplementation (60 or 30mg/kg diet) reduced average cracked shell% throughout the whole experimental periods compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet supplemented by the same zinc level from nano zinc source.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc (60 or 30mg/kg diet) instead of inorganic zinc oxide in laying hens ration significantly increased average yolk weight throughout the whole experimental periods.
• Replacement of inorganic zinc source by 60 or 30mg of organic or nano zinc/kg diet increased Hb%, RBCs, WBCs and PCV% of laying hens.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc instead of inorganic source had no clear effect on antibody production against New castle disease at 55th and 59th weeks of laying hens age, while improved at 63rd and 65th weeks of layer age.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc at 60 or 30mg/kg diet instead of inorganic zinc in laying hens ration significantly increased phagocytic activity% by about (20.5% and 22.8%) and (17.7% and 23.7%) respectively, and improved phagocytic index.
• Replacement of inorganic zinc source by organic or nano sources had no significant effect on differential leukocytic counts.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc at 60 or 30mg/kg diet instead of inorganic zinc in laying hens ration had no significant effect on serum uric acid, urea and creatinine concentrations.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc at 60 or 30mg/kg diet instead of inorganic zinc in laying hens ration significantly increased blood serum SOD activity while, numerically improved serum MDA and GPx activities.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc at 60 or 30mg/kg diet instead of inorganic zinc in laying hens ration non-significantly reduced serum triglycerides and non-significantly increased blood serum total cholesterol and HDL concentrations except lower level of nano zinc reduced blood serum cholesterol levels.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc of laying hens ration non-significantly reduced abdominal fat weight and relative weight compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet with inorganic zinc oxide supplementation.
• Supplementation of organic at 60 or 30mg/kg diet instead of inorganic zinc in laying hens ration non-significantly increased liver fat content, however supplementation of nano zinc particles non-significantly decreased liver fat content.
• Organic or nano zinc supplementation instead of inorganic source in the laying hens ration had no significant effect on ileum content moisture% and viscosity.
• Supplementation of organic or nano zinc instead of inorganic source non-significantly increased ileum pH.
• It was observed that supplementation of organic zinc (60 or 30 mg/kg diet) instead of inorganic sources increase ileum villi length, while using of nano zinc (60 or 30mg/kg diet) had no clear effect on ileum villi length and showed slight enteritis and moderate lymphocytic infiltration compared with laying hens group fed on the basal diet with inorganic zinc supplementation.