الفهرس 
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Abstract
The lepidoptreous wax moths, Gallaria mellonella L. (Galleridae) and A. grisella Fab. (Pyralidae) are extremely destructive pests, as they caused highly damage the empty wax combs during storage, GWM caused the greatest damage in apiaries which lead to financial losses every year. Beside damaging wax combs, larvae destroyed frames and wooden parts in the hive.Therfor, These experiments aimed to study the following points:1. Activity of the wax moths on honeybee comb. 2.Consumed quantities of wax that eaten with larvae of wax moth.3. Study the daily and total mortality of G. mellonella larvae treated with different concentrations of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. And Metrahizium anisopliae conidia. 4. Study the daily and total mortality of G. mellonella larvae treated with different concentrations of commercial bioinsecticides (Diepel DF 6.4%) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki. 5.Test chemicals methods against the wax moths to evaluate the relative efficacies of these materials as alternative control agents against the wax moths using, potassium permanganate, Sodium Hypochlorite, Dettol, Clore and Sodium Chloride in the Store. 6.Studying Latent effects of those active materials on some biological aspects of GWM and its developing stages. 1: The activity of Greater and Lesser wax moths: • The abundance of the lepidoptreous wax moths, Galleria mellonella L. (Galleridae) and Achroia grisella Fab. (Pyralidae) were studied in the apiary storage and at three apairies for seasons 2014-2015. 1.A : The abundance of the Greater and lesser wax moth in the apiary in Kafr El-Sheikh Province : •The higher percentage number of larvae were in August, July, and September and represented by 19.23, 16.00 and 14.28% larvae/ Colony in Sakha and 17.42,16,96 and 12,50% larvae/Colony in El-Reyad, respectively. while in Qallin the higher percentage number of larvae recorded during August, September and July and represented by 17,91,15,71and 12,31% ,respectively. •Also, the percentage number of LWM larvae in different months during 2014. The lower percentage number of larvae recorded during the months in autumn and winter seasons 0.00 larvae/Colony in each colony in different apiaries. •The higher percentage number of larvae were during January, July, August and September 11.11, 16.00, 7.69 and 3.57% larvae/ Colony in Sakha. 1.B : population abundance of the greater wax moth G. mellonella and Lesser Wax Moth A. grisella in the storage during 2014: •Results showed that in General the highest infection of larvae of the GWM and LWM in store was in May , June and July. •concerning pupae and adult of the GWM and LWM in store the highest infection was in June , July, August and September during this period, the temp.(29-35C0) and RH (50-55 %) which might help in the rapid breeding of the moth. 2: Biology of wax moth according to consumed quantities of wax.:2. A. The amount of wax consumption for the Greater wax moth G. mellonella under Lab. conditions: •Transfer of thirty newly hatched larvae and each 10 larvae were placed in a Ptri-dish (15 cm in diameter) and fed on specific amount of blocks of old bee wax. •The results showed that larval consumption of wax increase with age of larvae, also leads to increased larval weights. 2. B. Effect of the age of wax on the life cycle of the greater wax moth Gallaria mellonella in biology: •The larvae were fed on different amounts of waxs ( new , one year old and old wax ).•The results showed that the average consumption of wax were 1.308 mg/larva of black wax and 0.865 mg/larva of the one year wax and ,005 mg/larvae for new wax. •The life cycle was different in different types of wax feeding. The life period of larvae was 53 days, and pupal period was 19 days no larvae reared on new wax. The adult laid 3.25 eggs /adult. On another hand, for one year old wax, larval period was 34 days and pupal period was 22 days and the adult laid (185 eggs/adult) for old wax, larval period was 38 days and 25 days of pupal period and the adult laid 307 eggs/adult. 3: Control of the wax moth: 3.1. Microbial Control:3.1.1. The entomapathogenic fungal Beauvaria bassiana: •The fungus used in all laboratory and storage studies is the Egyptian strain of the entomopathogenic fungus: Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. •isolated and identified from diapaused adults of the Egyptian alfalfa weevil, Hypera brunneipeniss Boheman. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) collected from Al Behiera Governorate. A. Culturing of the fungi on larvae of the G. mellonella: •The fungus was cultured on larvae of G. mellonella .B.Culturing of the fungus on artificial medium: • Inoculations of the fungal isolates were prepared by growing them without shaking in conical flasks (250 ml) containing potato dextrose (PDA) at 28 C0 for 15 days. C.Rearing the Greater Wax Moth G. mellonella as a test insect: •pupae were collected from naturally infested stored honey bee combs from the apiary and kept at 30 ± 1C and 70 ± 5% RH till adult emergence. •Evaluate the pathogenicity of B. bassiana with conidia from cadavars of G. mellonella and PDA medium on G. mellonella larvae, and determine the infection doses, which cause satisfactory mortality. tested doses were (1x107, 2.5X107, 5X107, 7.5X107 and 1X108 conidia/ml). D.Efficiency of the fungus Beauvaria bassiana under laboratory condition :•The effect of five concentrations of the fungus B. bassiana (grown on PDA medium ) (1x107, 2.5X107, 5X107, 7.5X107 and 1X108 conidia/ml) on the larvae of G. mellonella, Mortalities was 46.6, 56.6, 73.33, 76.66, and 93.3% for the concentrations ,respectively. •Mortality of the larvae of G. mellonella treated with five concentrations of B.bassiana (grown on mummies of G. mellonella) was 50.00, 60.00,90.00, 93.33 and 96.66% for the concentration (1x107, 2.5X107, 5X107, 7.5X107 and 1X108 conidia/ml), respectively. For all concentration, most of dead larvae were between 3and 11 days. E.Efficiency of the fungus Beauvaria bassiana under storage condition: •The effect of five concentrations of the fungus B. bassiana (grown on PDA medium ) (1x107, 2.5X107, 5X107, 7.5X107 and 1X108 conidia/ml) on the larvae of G. mellonella were 40, 46.66, 70, 73.33 and 80% for the concentrations (1x107, 2.5X107, 5X107, 7.5X107 and 1X108 conidia/ml), respectively. • The mortality of of G. mellonella larvae which were treated with five concentrations of B. bassiana (grown on mummies of GWM) was 50, 60, 76.66, 80 and 86.66% for the same concentrations. 3.1.2-Control of Galleria mellonella by using the entomopathogenic fungus mix Beauvaria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae : The effectiveness of commercial bioinsecticides of the two-entomopathogenic fungui B. bassiana mixed with M. anisoplii (Care Protecto) was evaluated to determine the most effective bioinsecticides dose against G.mellonella larvae. A. in laboratory: •Tested doses were (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 g/L). •The lowest mean of dead GWM larvae was 0.00±0.00 in different treatments doses after 5 days. •The highest significant mean of dead larvae was 4.66±1.15 after one day of treatment by using 10 g/L. •The most of died larvae recoded from the first to third day, it means that mix fungi achieved highly mortality on larvae G. mellonela. B. in store room : •The combs were sprayed with a fungus suspension containing 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 gm/L. •The mortality of G. mellonella larvae under storage conditions which treated with four doses 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g/l were 30,53,33, 70 ,73.33 and 83,33 for different doses , respectively. •The most of larvae were died from sixth to fifteenth days in all treatments. •The results indicated that the insecticidal activity of Care Protecto against G. mellonella is larvae was effective as abiological control agent against larvae in store room. 3.1.3-Control of Galleria mellonella by using the entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis : The effectiveness of commercial bioinsecticides of the entomopathogenic Bacterium (Diepel DF 6.4%) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki against the larvae of G. mellonella was evaluated to determine the most effective bioinsecticides dose. A.in laboratory: •The insecticidal effect of Bacillus thuringiensis against the larvae of G. mellonella treated with five doses (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 Gm. /L). •The mortality increased from 46.66 to 93.33% as the doses from 5 g /L to 6 g /L. most of larvae died between the first to third day. B.in store room : •The effect of the Bacillus thuringiensis on the mortality of G. mellonella larvae in storage wax combs under apiary conditions. The larvae of G. mellonella were treated with four doses (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 g/L). • The lowest infection dose (2 g/L) which was effective against the larvae caused mortality of 30.00 % in 12 day after treatments and significantly increased to 53.33 % as the dose increased to 3 g /L. •The mortality increased from 70% to 83.33 % as the doses from 4 g /L to 6 g /L. Most of larvae died between 3 and 12 days and the mortality increase because the increasing of the doses. •Results indicated that the insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis against the larvae of G. mellonellais is effective as a biological control agent against the larvae in store and apiary room. 3.2- effect of chemical sterilization on the wax moths under storage condition: This experiment were conducted during October, November and December from year 2015 under storage condition at the apiary of beekeeping Research Department, at Sakha Agriculture Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. 1-Efficiency of Potassium permanganate against the wax moths under storage condition: •Tested doses were 0 .5 , 1.00 , 1.5 and 2.00 gm/L . •The number of living larvae was 0.66, 1.0 and 1.66 after 77, 84, and91 days when 0.5 gm/L was applied, whereas the results were 33.0 and 1.33 when 1.0 gm/L was applied. •When 1.5 and 2 gm/L were applied the number of living larvae were 0.33, 0.33 and 0.66 for 1.5 and for 2 gm/L, respectively. 2-Efficiency of sodium Hypochlorite against the wax mouths under storage condition: •Tested doses were 1, 3, 5 and 10 gm/L. •The concentrations (10 g/l) was effective against the greater wax moth G. mellonella only comparing with other concentrations from sodium Hypochlorite. 3-Efficiency of Dettole against the wax mouths storage condition: •Tested doses were 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 5.00 cm/L. •When applying 1 cm/l of Dettol against the wax moths the living wax moths were 1.33, 2.00 and 2.66 after 77, 84 and 91 days, respectively. •When applying the concentrations of 2 cm /l the living larvae were 1.00, 1.00 and 1.33 after the mentioned periods. •Also the number of living larvae when applying 4 cm /l and 5 cm /l were 0.33, 0.33, 0.66 and 0.00 after the previous mentioned periods.