الفهرس 
Chapter I I-IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
During the exploration and production of oil and gas, vast quantities of
chemicals about two-hundred thousand tones are consumed. Moreover, it is
interesting to note that of these two thousand tons, over one hundred
thousand tons are lost into the environment each year causing great
damage.As a consequence, there are strong regulatory pressures on the oil
and gas companies to move towards the use of Eco-friendly “green”
chemicals.
The desire to replace petroleum-based materials with environmentally
friendly and sustainable alternatives has stimulated the development of
vegetable oil-based materials as petroleum additives. The advantages of
petroleum additives from renewable sources have long been recognize.
Ingeneral, petroleum additives based on renewable sources have very low or
almost negligible aquatic toxicity and are, in most cases, readily
biodegradable.
The triglyceride oil can be further broken down to yield free fatty acid.The
fatty acid can be modified by chemical reaction to give a range of other
functional groups, amides, amines, esters. these chemically modified fatty
acid are useful especially for petroleum-related applications, used as
demulsifier ,corrosion inhibitor and bactericides , works with organophilic
clay to produce an amine-treated clay (mud) used for filtration control in oil
drilling base mud and synthetic base.
The main goal of this study is to prepare a new formulation has
multifunctional properties to replace the existed commercial formulation for
gas and oil-field industries.Toward this goal, two different specialty
chemicals in this formulation were synthesized. The first ingredient is
quaternary fatty acid imidazoline QFI with corrosion inhibition property and
antimicrobial properties, which synthesized from renewable sources. The other ingredient is fatty alkoxylate copolymer NPC, which act as rheology
modifier, demulsifying agent and pH control. Then, in the next section the
obtained products QFI and NPC were characterized and evaluated in
formulation as multifunctional formulation for oil and gas industries.
The results showed that newly formulated surfactants prepared a good ability
to act as water soluble types, no-foaming and stable film-persistent corrosion
inhibitor and demulsifier for the thermodynamic-hydrodynamic corrosivity
predictive models for the assessment of internal corrosion /erosion in the
surface production pipelines. Furthermore, the newly formulated showed
strong antibacterial more than other commercial biocide samples.
The inhibition efficiency of these prepared cationic surfactants increases
with increasing the concentration at 50°C. The efficiency of corrosion
inhibitor corrichem in the surface production pipelines of the oil and gas
wells depend strongly on the chemical and physical properties of the
produced oil and gas, water condensate, clay deposits and sand production.
Also, The prevailed that the prepared demulsifier samples are effective. They
achieved complete separation of water during 30 min at 200 ppm.
The prepared samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD),Thermogravimetric
Analysis (TGA),Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Size Exclusion
Chromatography (SEC) , Zeta-sizer(ZS) and Zeta-potential (ZP). It can be
concluded that the new synthesized multifunctional are of superior results
compared with the reference samples.