الفهرس 
Design Approaches in Geotechnical Engineering
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Abstract
The Limit States Design method (LSD) has become applicable in the Egyptian Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures (ECP-203, 2007) by using partial safety factors. However, the current version of Egyptian Code of Practice (ECP) for Soil Mechanics and Design and Construction of Foundations (ECP-202, 2001) still applies the Allowable/Working Stress Design method (ASD/WSD), which is based on using global safety factors. Using the LSD method for the superstructure and the WSD method for the substructure causes non-uniformity of the safety level and confusion to the design engineer. Accordingly, the applicability of the LSD method in the geotechnical engineering design of deep excavation systems needs careful investigation of the appropriate partial factors to be applied in order to yield an equivalent design to the WSD method.
In this research, two main approaches of the LSD method are applied in deep excavation systems; the factored strength approach (FSA), and the factored resistance approach (FRA). The two approaches were used to calibrate the partial safety factors of the LSD method to match the design obtained from the conventional philosophy of the global safety factor, i.e. the WSD method, adopted in the ECP (ECP-202, 2001). This research study focused on smooth cantilever walls embedded in dry cohesionless soil. The results showed that both approaches can be applied to the LSD of cantilever walls. The calibrated partial safety factors recommended in this study represented a better optimization of the values reported in some international codes like Euro Code 7 (2004), CFM (1992), and AASHTO (2007), especially for temporary walls. Further research should consider the applicability of the LSD method to more sophisticated deep excavation systems in different soil conditions