الفهرس 
Aim of the WorkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is defined as a blood loss [500 ml and serious PPH as a blood loss [1,000 ml. PPH is a serious condition remaining the single main cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. In the Netherlands, 1 out of 14 laboring women experiences PPH. The most frequent cause of PPH is uterine atony, contributing up to 80 % of the PPH cases. Although two-thirds of the PPH cases occur in women without predisposing factors, there are several risk factors for PPH such as previous PPH, preeclampsia, coagulopathy, multiple gestation and antepartum hemorrhage. Also caesarean section (CS) is a recognized risk factor for PPH and its prevalence is increasing (WHO 2009).
The most frequent cause of PPH is uterine atony, therefore, active management of the third stage of labor rather than expectant management is recommended (Chong et al., 2004).
After placental delivery, the volume of blood loss assessed by weight or saturation assessment techniques by subtracting the dry weight of absorbing materials (pads, sponges, etc.) from the weight of blood- containing materials and using the conversion 1gm weight = 1 ml to quantify the blood volume contained in the materials (Lyndon et al., 2010).
Both drugs (Oxytocin and Carbetocin) were administered by the anesthetist after the delivery of the baby and before delivery of the placenta. The monitoring and anesthetic techniques were identical for all women.