الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to throw a light on the common and prevalent dental and oral affections in equine equestrian Egyptian clubs, how to deal with these disorders; considering the diagnosis and treatment during the period from March 2015 to December 2016. These horses were of both sexes and their ages were ranged between 3 years up to 22years old. The examined horses were collected from Armed equestrian club, El gzera club, El haram farms, Cairo stadium, El shams club and Wadi Degla club.
The total number of examined horses was the total number of examined horses was 354 horses, 92 horses had dentaland oral affections including 52 Equestrian horses, 34 Riding horses, 6 Funeral dragging horses.
The affected horses were controlled physically and chemically using full-mouth speculum, light, bucket of dilute antiseptic, dose syringe, hand towel or paper towels. If the horse does not relax or at least tolerate your initial examination, sedate the horse for the safety of yourself, your assistant, and the horse. Detomidine, xylazine, and butorphanol are excellent sedatives for dental examinations.
The affected horses in the present study were divided according to usage into 3 groups, group 1 was used as riding horses, group 2 was used as equestrian horses and group 3 was used as funeral dragging horses.
1- group 1, which involved 52 equestrian horses, 49 male horses and 3 female ones.
2- group 2, which involved 34 riding horses, 13male horses and 21 female ones.
3- Group3, which involved 6 funeral dragging horses, they all are male horses.
In the present study (92) horses (52 Equestrian horses, 34 Riding horses, 6 Funeral dragging horses)had dental or oral affections. from these horses: (75) horses were affected with dental tarter, (39) horses were affected with sharp enamel points, (33) horses were affected with tooth caries, (18) horses were affected with periodontal disease, (18) horses were affected with ulcer in oral cavity, (15) horses were affected horses with rostral hook, (15) horses were affected with diastemata. (6) horses were affected with teeth foreign body, (6) horses were affected with incisors fracture, (3) horses were affected with fracture in jaw, (3)horses were affected with ulcer in tongue, (3) horses were affected with bit seat, (3) horses were affected with caudal hook, (3) horses were affected with impacted canine tooth, (3) horses affected with parrot mouth, (3) horses affected with fungal disease in tongue and (1) horses were affected with fracture of canine.
Dealing or treatment of oral or dental affections was as following:-
Dental tartar, involved removal of tartar, curetting the tooth by tooth elevator and disinfection by tincture iodine 2%.
Sharp enamel points, involved teeth should be floated by power float in stages, e.g., at three to six monthly intervals to prevent pulpar exposure, digitally loose teeth can be extracted orally using tooth extractor in standing sedated horses, thoroughly washing the mouth with Betadine and make stab wound in the hematomed soft palate that resulted from sharp points of teeth helps horse to eat well.
Dental caries, involved cleaning the tooth well by tooth elevator, rinsing it by water then by tincture iodine2.0%. Degenerated tooth material should be debrided, repeating hexitol mouthwashes is the best treatment of dental caries and decreasing the proportion of dietary simple carbohydrates (grains such as barley and oats) slow down progression of the disease.
Rostral hook, involved reducing the overlong portion of the tooth by using power float.
Periodontal disease, involved (Treat primary cause in case of secondary periodontal disease, cleaning out periodontal pockets, and packing pockets with an antibiotic gel(Doxirobe gel). Widening the periodontal pocket helps in treating this disease, recheck and retreat the pocket at intervals of 14 days until the pocket has healed, injection of the horse by anti inflammatory drug(finadyne) and antibiotic(Pen&Strep) for 5 days and feeding treated horse with easily digested food like hay, Egyptian clover and bran for 4 weeks.
Diastemata, involved cleaning out periodontal pockets, we make widening at the position of diastemata by tooth elevator, recheck and retreat the pocket at intervals of 14 days until the pocket has healed and complete healing of the pocket occurred after 28 days andreduction the overlong portion of the opposite tooth.
Ulcer in oral cavity, involved treatment primary cause (sharp enamel points, rostral or caudal hooks), cleaning out the area of ulcer with diluted anti septic (Betadine), application of allamycine spray after cleaning and then putting oracure gel in the area of ulcer 2 times per day for 14 days.
Incisor tooth fracture treatment involved antibiotic (Pen&Strep), and anti-inflammatory (finadyne). In the acute stages, but extraction the fractured incisors with exposed pulp by tooth extractor, following an incisor fracture, the opposing incisor(s) will overgrow into the site of the shortened or absent incisor(s) due to lack of attrition and these overgrowing incisors were floated twice yearly.
Dental foreign body; Removal of foreign body is treatment of this affection.
Parrot mouth dealing occurred with reduction the overlong portion of the opposite tooth by power float.
Fracture of jaw dealing with conservative therapy (one to two weeks antibiotic therapy and feeding a soft diet for six to eight weeks) will be adequate, extraction of digitally loose teeth using tooth extractor in standing sedated horses should be delayed for 3 months, to minimize the chances of re-fracturing the mandible.
Ulcer in tongue treatment involved treatment primary cause (sharp enamel points, rostral or caudal hooks), cleaning out the area of ulcer with betadine, application of allamycine spray after cleaning and then putting oracure gel in the area of ulcer 2 times per day for 14 days.
Bit seat causes discomfort when it presses soft tissue in the mouth against the rostral surface of 06s.Treatment of this affection by making the bit seat rounded by power float.
Caudal hook dealing involved reducing the overlong portion of the tooth by using power float.
Impacted canine tooth treatment occurred by using tooth elevator and tooth extractor to clear impacted canine.
Fungal infection in tongue treated by application locally of antifungal drug (Daktarin) oral gel locally 3 times per day for about 3 weeks gave a good result in treatment of the fungal infection.
Canine tooth extraction is the best treatment by tooth extractor and suturing gum with absorbable sutures in case of canine tooth fracture.
It was found that:-
Dental tartar is the most predominant dental and oral affection in this study.
There is no doubt that regular dental care every 3 months will benefit the health and subsequent performance of the horse.
Delaying of treatment of dental tartar, sharp enamel points, dental caries, periodontal disease, diastemata, bit seat and caudal hook resulted in equine colic.
Making stab wound in the hematomed hard palate that resulted from sharp enamel points of teeth helps horse to eat well.
All cases that suffering from periodontal disease was accompanied with dental tartar.
In sharp enamel point was found that decreased body activity and anorexia occurred in all treated cases during the first 24 hrs following floating.
About 90% of the horses that suffering from About 90% of the horses that suffering from sharp enamel points accompanied with ulcer in oral cavity.
All cases that suffering from dental caries was accompanied with dental tartar.
All horses that suffering from rostral hook and caudal hook accompanied with ulcer in oral cavity or ulcer in tongue.
In Periodontal disease widening the periodontal pocket helps in treating this disease.
All horses that suffering from diastemata accompanied with periodontal disease.