الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted to study the effect of some nuts (walnuts, almond, pistachios, peanuts and hazelnut) and its mixture as powder on biological, biochemical and Histopathological changes of obese male albino rats. Also, study the efficiency of concentration (5%) of tested nuts and its mixture as powder for increasing weight loss and improve the lipids profile level. Some physiological characteristics such as liver functions, kidney functions and internal organs weight and blood picture (RBCs, WBCs, platelet and lymph cells) in tested albino rats were also measured. Forty eight male albino rats were used and divided to 6 groups each group contains 6 rats as follow:
group (1):-
Rats will feed on basal diet as a control negative.
group (2):-
Obese rats fed by high fat diet (10% animal lipid) supplemented in the basal diet and used as a positive control group.
group (3):-
group infected obesity is fed on the almond (powder) by 5% of the weight of the diet.
group (4):-
group infected obesity is fed on the walnuts (powder) by 5% of the weight of the diet.
group (5):-
group infected obesity is fed on the peanuts (powder) by 5% of the weight of the diet.
group (6):-
group infected obesity is fed on the pistachios (powder) by 5% of the weight of the diet.
group (7):-
group infected obesity is fed on the hazelnut (powder) by 5% of the weight of the diet.
group (8):-
group infected obesity is fed on the mixture of nuts (powder) by 5% of the weight of the diet.
The results for biological, biochemical and histopathological changes in rats were analyzed.
The obtained results could be summarized in the following:
Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio of obese rats:
1. The highest body weight gain recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
2. The highest body weight gain of treated group recorded for 5% mixture nuts, while the lowest BWG % recorded for 5% peanuts with significant differences.
3. The highest feed intake recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest feed intake of treated group recorded for 5% almond, while the lowest FI recorded for 5% peanuts with significant differences.
5. The highest feed efficiency ratio recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
6. The highest feed efficiency ratio of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest FER recorded for 5% pistachios with significant differences.
Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on organs weight of obese rats:
1. The highest liver weight recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences. The mean values were 8.52 and 7.60g, respectively.
2. The highest liver weight of treated group recorded for 5% walnuts, while the lowest liver weight recorded for 5% peanuts with significant differences. The mean values were 8.42 and 8.00g, respectively.
3. The highest kidney weight recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences. The mean values were 1.91 and 1.78g, respectively.
4. The highest kidney weight of treated group recorded for 5% mixture nuts, while the lowest kidney weight recorded for 5% walnuts with no significant differences. The mean values were 1.85 and 1.68g, respectively.
5. The highest spleen weight recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with
significant differences. The mean values were 1.14 and 0.91g, respectively.
6. The highest spleen weight of treated group recorded for 5% mixture nuts, while the lowest spleen weight recorded for 5% hazelnuts with significant differences. The mean values were 0.90 and 0.84 g, respectively.
Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on liver functions of obese rats:
1. The highest ALT liver enzyme recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences. The mean values were 93.18 and 30.26 U/L, respectively.
2. The highest ALT liver enzyme of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest ALT liver enzyme recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 71.80 and 54.72 U/L, respectively.
3. The highest AST liver enzyme recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences. The mean values were 74.70 and 19.50 U/L, respectively.
4. The highest AST liver enzyme of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest AST liver enzyme recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 51.27 and 26.27 U/L, respectively.
5. The highest value of ALP recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with
significant differences. The mean values were 72.05 and 30.61 U/L, respectively.
6. The highest ALP liver enzyme of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest ALP liver enzyme recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences.
Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on total protein and albumin of obese rats:
1. The highest total protein recorded for negative control group, while the lowest value recorded for positive control group with significant differences. The mean values were 5.52 and 3.95 g/dl, respectively.
2. The highest total protein levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest total protein levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences.
3. The highest values of albumin levels recorded for negative control group, while the lowest value recorded for positive control group with significant differences.
4. The highest albumin levels of treated group recorded for 5% mixture nuts, while the lowest albumin levels recorded for 5% peanuts with significant differences. The mean values were 3.30 and 2.32 g/dl, respectively.
Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on total bilirubin of obese rats:
1. The highest total bilirubin recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
2. The highest total bilirubin levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest total bilirubin levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 0.96 and 0.73 mg/dl, respectively.
Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on glucose levels of obese rats:
1. The highest glucose levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences. The mean values were 220.10 and 90.30 mg/dl, respectively.
2. The highest glucose levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest glucose levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 160.13 and 130.15 mg/dl, respectively.
Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels of obese rats:
1. The highest serum total cholesterol levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
2. The highest total cholesterol levels of treated group recorded for 5% hazelnuts, while the lowest total cholesterol levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 106.15 and 85.10 mg/dl, respectively.
3. The highest value of serum triglycerides levels, recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest serum triglycerides levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest serum triglycerides levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 93.78 and 71.50 mg/dl, respectively.
Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on lipid profile levels of obese rats:
1. The highest high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
2. The highest high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest (HDL-c) levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 45.83 and 39.15 mg/dl, respectively.
3. The highest value of low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest low density lipoprotein levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest low density lipoprotein levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 45.53 and 31.65 mg/dl, respectively.
5. The highest value of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c) levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
6. The highest very low density lipoprotein levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest very low density lipoprotein levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant
differences. The mean values were 18.76 and 14.30 mg/dl, respectively.
Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on atherogenic index levels of obese rats:
1. The highest atherogenic index levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences. The mean values were 3.75 and 2.25 mg/dl, respectively.
2. The highest atherogenic index levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest atherogenic index levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 2.88 and 2.35 mg/dl, respectively.
6Effect of 5% nuts powder and its mixtures on red blood cell and white blood cell levels of obese rats:
1. The highest red blood cell levels recorded for negative control group, while the lowest value recorded for positive control group with significant differences.
2. The highest red blood cell levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest red blood cell levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 4.15 and 2.90 106/mm3, respectively.
3. The highest white blood cell levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest white blood cell levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest white blood cell levels recorded
for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 6.60 and 5.58 103/mm3, respectively.
Effect of 5% nuts and its mixtures on hemoglobin (H.b) and platelet (PLTS) levels of obese rats:
1. The highest hemoglobin levels recorded for negative control group, while the lowest value recorded for positive control group with significant differences.
2. The highest hemoglobin levels of treated group recorded for 5% mixture nuts, while the lowest hemoglobin levels recorded for 5% peanuts with significant differences. The mean values were 12.80 and 10.60 g /dl, respectively.
3. The highest platelet levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest platelet levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest platelet levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 238.0 and 214.0 106/mm3, respectively.
Effect of 5% nuts and its mixtures on kidney functions levels of obese rats:
1. The highest uric acid levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
2. The highest uric acid levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest uric acid levels recorded for 5%
mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 8.18 and 6.68 mg /dl, respectively.
3. The highest urea levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
4. The highest urea levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest urea levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 31.15 and 22.18 mg/dl, respectively.
5. The highest creatinine levels recorded for positive control group, while the lowest value recorded for negative control group with significant differences.
6. The highest creatinine levels of treated group recorded for 5% peanuts, while the lowest creatinine levels recorded for 5% mixture nuts with significant differences. The mean values were 1.26 and 0.94 mg/dl, respectively.