الفهرس 
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Abstract
Renal failure describes a medical condition in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter toxins and waste products from the blood. It can be divided into two categories: chronic renal failure (CRF) which is often not reversible and acute renal failure (ARF). A number of other diseases or health problems may cause either form of renal failure. ARF which is recently called acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical clinical problem with a high mortality rate. Management includes supportive care, such as renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis), as well as treatment of the underlying disorder.
In recent years, great efforts have been focused on natural compounds and herbal constituents without toxic effects to provide novel therapeutic agents for ARF. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the curative effects of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. administered in drinking water (10% w/v) for rats affected with ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol. In order to achieve these objectives, the following biological experiment was carried out as follows:
The rats were randomly divided into 7 groups, and the first one served as a negative control group. Groups (2, 3 & 4) received a single dose of glycerol (50% v/v, 8 ml/kg) by intramuscular injection while groups (5, 6 & 7) received orally a single dose of paracetamol (750 mg/kg) by a stomach tube. After two days, ARF was induced in these groups as evidenced by renal function tests (serum urea, creatinine and potassium) which increased extremely compared to those for the rats in the control group. After ARF induction, groups (2 & 5) served as positive controls while groups (3 & 6) were given gum Arabic, and groups (4 & 7) were given Boswellia sp. in drinking water (10% w/v). The experiment was performed for 30 days. Adverse effects of both compounds induced nephrotoxicity, and therapeutic effects of both plants were monitored through different blood biochemical assays and hematological analyses. The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
1. Effect of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. on the renal profile in rats affected with ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol.
There were significant (P<0.05) increases in the levels of urea and creatinine in serum of rats treated only with glycerol and paracetamol in the positive control groups compared to the negative control group. The curative effects of both plants against ARF induced by both compounds were noticed as indicated by restoring the levels of these parameters to their normal values. No significant differences were observed between the curative efficiency of gum Arabic and Boswellia in the rats treated with glycerol and paracetamol.
2. Effect of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. on the blood acidity in rats affected with ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol.
The data revealed presence of significant (P<0.05) increases in the blood acidity (H+) as evidenced by decreasing the levels of pH in the rats treated with glycerol or paracetamol in the positive control groups compared to the negative control group. This symptom is called blood acidosis which may be due to the retention of hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood owing to renal dysfunction. The remedial effects of both plants against ARF induced by both compounds were observed as indicated by restoring the levels of this parameter to its normal value.
3. Effect of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. on the blood electrolytes in rats affected with ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol.
The results indicated significant (p<0.05) increases in the levels of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl--), and significant (p<0.05) decreases in the levels of calcium (Ca+2) and bicarbonate (HCO3--) in serum of rats treated only with glycerol or paracetamol in both positive control groups compared to the negative control group. The therapeutic effects of both plants against ARF induced by both compounds were observed as indicated by restoring the levels of these electrolytes to their normal ranges.
4. Effect of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. on the blood gases in rats affected with ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol.
The data showed insignificant (P<0.05) changes in the pressure of both carbon dioxide and oxygen gases in venous blood of the rats treated only with glycerol or paracetamol in the positive control groups compared to the negative control group. These results indicated that both glycerol and paracetamol compounds which caused ARF in these groups of rats as evidenced previously, did not cause any changes in the pressure of venous blood gases in the positive control groups, and consequently in the other affected groups of rats which were treated with gum Arabic and Boswellia sp.
5. Effect of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. on the blood glucose in rats affected with ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol.
The results illustrated significant (P<0.05) decreases in the levels of glucose for the rats treated with glycerol or paracetamol in both positive control groups compared to the negative control group. This symptom is called hypoglycemia which may be ascribed to the accumulation of insulin hormone in the blood owing to renal dysfunction. The remedial effects of both plants against ARF induced by both compounds were observed as indicated by restoring the levels of this parameter to its normal range.
6. Effect of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. on the liver profile in rats affected with ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol.
The data elucidated that the rats treated with paracetamol in the positive control group recorded significant (P<0.05) increases in the levels of serum total bilirubin, AST and ALT while the rats treated with glycerol in the other positive control group did not record these increases but they exhibited these parameters in their normal ranges compared to the negative control group. It means that paracetamol caused liver injury besides kidney injury as indicated by increasing the levels of liver enzymes (AST & ALT) and total bilirubin. The remedial effects of both plants against liver damage induced by paracetamol were observed as indicated by restoring the levels of liver enzymes and total bilirubin to their normal values. No significant (P<0.05) changes in the levels of liver enzymes (AST & ALT) and total bilirubin were observed in serum of rats treated with glycerol and both plants compared to the negative control group. The data also elucidated significant (P<0.05) decreases in the levels of serum total protein and albumin in the rats treated with glycerol and paracetamol in the positive controls compared to the negative control. Decreasing the levels of serum total protein and albumin for both positive control groups compared to the negative control group may be due to the excretion of albumin in the urine owing to kidney damage. It is also observed that the levels of serum total protein and albumin for the rats treated with both plants increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the positive control groups to approach those in the negative control group. The therapeutic effects of both plants against ARF induced by both compounds were observed as indicated by increasing the levels of serum total protein and albumin after decreasing of them.
7. Effect of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. on the hematological analyses in rats affected with ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol.
The data demonstrated significant (P<0.05) decreases in the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and RBCs for the rats treated with glycerol and paracetamol in the positive control groups compared to the negative control group. This symptom is called anemia which may be ascribed to the decrease of erythropoietin hormone in the blood owing to kidney damage. The curative effects of both plants against ARF induced by both compounds were observed as indicated by increasing the levels of these parameters after decreasing of them. No significant (P<0.05) changes in the levels of WBCs and PLTs were noticed for all treatments compared to the positive and negative controls.
Finally, the curative effects of gum Arabic and Boswellia sp. against ARF induced by glycerol or paracetamol were established as indicated by restoring the kidney function tests such as urea, creatinine, serum electrolytes and other parameters such as serum glucose, proteins and hematological indices to their normal values during the experiment period (30 days). The blood analyses also illustrated ARF symptoms such as increasing of urea and creatinine, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, blood acidosis and anemia occurring in the positive control groups, and recovery of these symptoms in the treated rats with both plants. The therapeutic effects of both plants against ARF may be due to their antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory activity.