الفهرس 
Physical and Chemical characteristics MycotoxinsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Feeds are exposed to a plenty of environmental contaminants, which affects poultry that eat them then transferred to human when using their products including meat, and, eggs...etc.
Some examples of these contaminants are the residual of fertilizers, pests, and heavy metals, which source can be water, plant, or air. But the most dangerous of these contaminants at all recently are the poisons of Aflatoxins. They are produced from biological pollution, which results from the growth of fungi on feeds that may be found in spite of taking all safety measures in consideration that raw materials plunge in the structure of feeds from other different contaminants. This is because a lot of different environmental factors intervene in the growth of fungi resulted from biological pollution, and then excretion of fungal toxins. These factors are impossible to be controlled; such as temperature, humidity, ventilation, and light as well as the quality and structure of the substances intervened in the structure of the feeds, and the method and the duration of storing. Most of these are imported from abroad and are exposed to remain for long periods in transportation, storage, and humidity before manufacturing and this cause growth of microorganisms on them. Vaporization is followed o get rid of insects and fungi It appears from the previous plates that the liver tissue is under dramatic changes during chicks life. These changes are normally occurred in healthy birds which could be explained by the role of liver cells in removing toxins, drug and bile secretion. This holds true as the liver is considered the main metabolic organ in the body. Since, the higher metabolic rate and the faster growth of broiler chickens may have a negative – but moderate – effect on liver histology. In general, the histological examination showed the beneficial effects of bentonite, activated carbon, silica and then kaolin in protective liver tissue form severe damage. Most of the previous findings are in synchronization with those recorded in different animal species during aflatoxicosis (Tejada-Castaneda et al., 2007), where they recorded congestion and atrophy in blood vessels of liver and kidney of different animal species during aflatoxicosis. That concomitant with different degree of degenerative changes in neuronal cells, liver hepatocytes and renal cells. All the alteration in cell biochemistry disturb cell vital activities and lead to water and ionic shifits. Which finaly caused cell damage and death.( Rathod et al. 2013) found that histopathological change in liver showed hepatomegaly, focal necrosis, degenerative change of hepatic cell, icteric mucous membranes, petechial hemorrhages, diffuse centrilobular necrosis, fatty change cryonic toxicity resulted in cirrhosis and bile duct hyperplasia. The negative effect of aflatoxines could induce inhibition of protein synthesis and reduces the activity of the enzymes necessary for the metabolism of toxic substances. These effect could lead to some extent of the focal disseminated liver necrosis (Paramanandham et al., 2007). It seems that feeding diets contaminated with affaltoxins have adverse effect on general health of broilers. Supplement diets contaminated with aflatoxins by absorbed aflatoxins and may improve the productive performance of chickens.
SUMMERY
Feeds are exposed to a plenty of environmental contaminants, which affects poultry that eat them then transferred to human when using their products including meat, and, eggs...etc.
Some examples of these contaminants are the residual of fertilizers, pests, and heavy metals, which source can be water, plant, or air. But the most dangerous of these contaminants at all recently are the poisons of Aflatoxins. They are produced from biological pollution, which results from the growth of fungi on feeds that may be found in spite of taking all safety measures in consideration that raw materials plunge in the structure of feeds from other different contaminants. This is because a lot of different environmental factors intervene in the growth of fungi resulted from biological pollution, and then excretion of fungal toxins. These factors are impossible to be controlled; such as temperature, humidity, ventilation, and light as well as the quality and structure of the substances intervened in the structure of the feeds, and the method and the duration of storing. Most of these are imported from abroad and are exposed to remain for long periods in transportation, storage, and humidity before manufacturing and this cause growth of microorganisms on them. Vaporization is followed o get rid of insects and fungi that grow on the raw materials intervene in the structure of the feeds. However, this procedure is not enough to eliminate the danger of such toxins because it eliminates only living fungi. Nevertheless their toxic excretions remained in feeds, and their toxic effect factors of vaporization and sterilization. Mycotoxins may reduce appetite and general performance. The adverse effects of mycotoxins on animal health is expressed in a diverse range of symptoms including haemostasis blood system damage skin lesions, immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and even death .Avoidance of contaminated feeds is rarely feasible and feeds that contain relatively low concentration of aflatoxins may still have deleterious effects on sensitive species such as poultry (Doerr et al., 1983).
Such study aims at:
4- Reducing the ratio of the contamination of the aflatoxins by using the natural substances of adsorption, including the Bentonite, within the compounds of the feed.
5- Increasing the ability of the Bentonite for adsorption of toxins by its acidic activation for it.
6- Reducing the negative impact resulted from contaminating the feeds with Aflatoxins concerning the productive process to raise the poultry which in clades growth performances, weigh, the average of converting the feeds, carcass traits and histopathological changes of broiler chickens .