الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the following objectives:
Studying the heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic, lead and mercury) in fresh water in which fishes under investigation lived, such as River Nile, lakes and farmed fish at different areas in Egypt.
Studying the heavy metals (cadmium ,arsenic, lead and mercury) in fillet fishes under investigation
Studying the chemical compositions of tilapia, catfish and common carp fishes.
Determination of some chemical properties of oil fishes.
Evaluation some antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and liver function on rats fed on diet supported with oil of the fishes under investigation compared with standard diet.
The data of this study can summarized as follows:
1st : Heavy metal in water which lived the fishes under investigation.
The concentration of Cd showed very low concentrations in all areas under investigation ranged from (1.5 to 8.4 ppb) the highest content of Cd was in River Nile in K. ElSheikh and lowest was in River Nile in Assiut . The value of As was ranged from (3.14 to 16.24 ppb); Nile K.ElSheikh water sample showed the highest content of As but River Nile Assiut showed the lowest content of it. The Pb values ranged from (1 to 20 ppb); the highest level found in River Nile in K. ElSheikh while the lowest level found in K. ElSheikh farm. But, Hg concentration was ranged between (0.0037–0.0845 ppb) the maximum value in Qarun lake while the minimum value recorded in K. ElSheikh farm.
2nd Chemical composition and heavy metals in fillet fishes.
1-Tilapia fish contain moisture ranged from (75.2 to 76.8 %) in wet weight, (76.9 to 77.52 %) total protein, (18.08 to 18.8%) lipids, (4.1 to 4.4 %) ash in dry weight, (μg/Kg) Cd As not detected in Assiut side while 79 in Nile K. ElSheikh and 27 in El fayoum farm, (μg/Kg) As not detected in Assiut side while 2.434 in Nile K. ElSheikh and 2.892 in El fayoum farm , (μg/Kg) Pb 10 in Nile at K. ElSheikh 14 in El fayoum farm, 16 in Assiut , (μg/Kg) Hg 0.2195 in Assiut side while 0.2432 in Nile at K. ElSheikh and 0.192 in El fayoum farm.
2- Catfish contain moisture ranged between (74.3 –74.6 %) in wet weight, nearly (69%) total protein, nearly (26 %) lipids, (4.18 – 5.3 %) ash, (μg/Kg) Cd 75 in K. ElSheikh farm and 52 in Borollus lake, 18 Qarun lake, (μg/Kg) As 5.112 in Borollus lake,3.812 in K. ElSheikh farm, 2.737 Qarun lake & (μg/Kg) Pb not detected in K. ElSheikh farm, 11 Borollus lake, 14 in Qarun lake, (μg/Kg) Hg 0.5387 Qarun lake,0.3026 in Borollus lake, 0.1753 in K. ElSheikh farm.
3- Common carp fish contain moisture ranged between( 66.9 – 71.8 %) , total protein ranged from (68.70 to 71.72 %), lipids ranged from (23.85 to 26.78 %), ash ( 4.25 to 4.52 %) , (μg/Kg) Cd not detected in sides El fayoum farm, but 16 in K. ElSheikh farm, 22 in Borollus lake, (μg/Kg) As not detected in El fayoum farm side while 5.528 in Borollus lake, 1.134 in K. ElSheikh farm &, (μg/Kg) Pb not detected in all sides, (μg/Kg) Hg 0.2106 in K. ElSheikh farm while 0.466 in Borollus lake ,0.3234 in El fayoum farm.
3th : Soluble vitamin in oil fishes.
1-Tilapia fish: contain of 37.6 vitamin (A), 16.8 vitamin (D3) and 1133.4 μg/100gm vitamin (E).
2-Catfish: contain of 11.4 vitamin (A), 7.6 vitamin (D3) and 1324.8 μg/100gm vitamin (E).
3-Common carp fish: contain of 28.8 vitamin (A), 15.9 vitamin (D3) and 1860 μg/100gm vitamin (E).4th: Chemical properties of oil fishes.
1-Tilapia fish: Saponification value (181.13), iodine value (174.18 ), peroxide value (0.98) and acid value (2.03).
2-Catfish: Saponification value (191.8), iodine value (198.7), peroxide value (1.15) and acid value (2.47).
3-Common carp fish: Saponification value (188.23), iodine value (201.1), peroxide value (1.31) and acid value (2.66).
5th :Fatty acids.
Determination and identified of oil fatty acids were used by GLC . showed the following data:
1-Tilapia fish contain: Eighteen fatty acids, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, myristic, stearic, margaric, behenic, docosahexaenoic, gondoic, arachidonic, lignoceric, eicosatrienoic, α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, pentadecylic, lauric, dihomo-γ-linolenic and γ-linolenic acids
2-Catfish contain: Eleven fatty acids, five of them are saturated were palmitic, stearic, myristic, margaric and pentadecylic, and six are unsaturated fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, palmitoletic, docosahexaenoic, gondoic and γ-linolenic
3-Common carp fish contain: Ten fatty acids, the saturated were palmitic acid, myristic, stearic docosahexaenoic and margaric acids, the unsaturated fatty acids were Oleic, palmitoletic , linoleic, gondoic and α-linolenic acids.
6th: Amino acids
1-Tilapia fish contain seventeen amino acids, the amount on essential amino acids was 47.21%, and the percent of the none essential amino acids was 52.79 %.
2-Catfish contain sixteen amino acids, the percent of essential ones was 49.09% and the amount of non essential amino acids was 50.79%.
3-Common carp fish contain sixteen amino acids, 35.41% of them was essential and 64.59% was non essential amino acids. ]
7th: Biochemical evaluation of the effect of 5 % tilapia, catfish and common carp oils individual as anti-hyperlipidemia agent.
Adult male albino rats were allowed to acclimatize to zero time. Rats were divided into Five groups each group include Eight rats.
First (G1) normal control standard diet.
(G2) positive control hyperlipidimic diet.
(G3) Hyperlipidemic rats standard diet + 5 % oil tilapia fish.
(G4) Hyperlipidemic rats standard diet + 5 % oil catfish fish.
(G5) Hyperlipidemic rats standard diet + 5% oil common carp fish.
Rats of each group were weighted and after 60 days rats anesthetized and killed by decapitation. Blood samples as well as organs ( Liver, Kidneys and Heart) were obtained to evaluate the effect of fishes oils on oxidative stress biomarkers, blood lipid profile , as well as liver and kidney function.
The obtained results can be summarize as follows
1- Fishes oils significantly decreased rats body weight and body weight gain compared to positive control. Kidney and heart revealed non-significant increase for kinds of fishes oils. Liver weight showed non-significant decrease for catfish and common carp fishes oils, while tilapia fish oil produced significant decrease in its weight. The fishes oils improved body weight gain and abnormal organs relative weight of hyperlipidemic rats.
2- Hyperlipidemia significantly increased in the activities of MDA and CAT. These increased values were improved by the fishes oils.
3- Hyperlipidemia significant increased the levels of TG, TC and LDLc compared with normal control. The fishes oils reduced the injurious effect of hyperlipidemia and improved the levels of TG, TC and LDLc. HDLc showed significant increase in all groups feed on fishes oils comparing with normal and positive controls 4- Hyperlipidemia significantly increased risk ratio and atherogenic index. The fishes oils improved the tow factors.
5- Hyperlipidemia significantly stimulated the enzymes activity of liver function (AST and ALT) and LDH, but total protein and albumin contents were significantly decrease. The fishes oils reduced the injurious effect of hyperlipidemia and improved the activity of AST, ALT and LDH with increasing total protein and albumin contents.
6- Hyperlipidemia a significantly increased serum urea levels and creatinine compared with normal control. Addition 5% fishes oils under investigation individual to the rats diet of hyperlipidemic groups decreased the level of serum urea and creatinine to normal control.
It can be concluded that tilapia, catfish and common carp used as
antioxidant, hypolipidemic agents also it showed a good liver function and support the kidneys function comparing with controls.