الفهرس 
Systemic lupus ErythematosusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary& Conclusion
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized
by chronic inflammation and damage to various organs and systems due to
the production of autoreactive cells and antibodies.
Because survival of SLE patients has improved over the last decades,
attention is now focused on complications that contribute to increased
morbidity and mortality.
Osteoporosis is acknowledged to be a major health care problem,
vertebral and hip osteoporotic fractures being linked to long-term severe
morbidity and increased mortality
Osteoporosis occurs when there is a loss of minerals from bone mainly in
the form of calcium as well as architectural loss of normal bone structure.
The loss of mineral content of the bone is referred to as a loss of bone
mineral density in the bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bone
among the elderly. Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density of 2.5 standard
deviations below that of a young adult .This is typically measured by dual –
energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan at the hip .
Bone loss increases after menopause due to lower levels of estrogen.
Osteoporosis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments
including alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, surgical removal of the
ovaries, and kidney disease. Certain medications increase the rate of bone
loss including some anticonvulsant medications, chemotherapy, proton pump
inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and steroids. Lake of
exercise and smoking are also risk factors